50 research outputs found
INTERPRETATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF RULES FOR MANAGERS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS: A PROFESSIONAL ETHICS PERSPECTIVE: Received: 18th July 2023; Revised: 27th October 2023, 29th November 2023, 24th December 2023; Accepted: 01st January 2024
No full textManagers' roles and corresponding obligations in business organizations are well-established. If a conflict in competing obligations arises, then the concerned manager is generally advised to consult and apply rules as they exist in the form of various laws, policies and guidelines in the country, the profession or the industry, and the organization. These three sets of rules are formulated to help explain an organization's work to managers and others so that they may understand and arrive at judgments to act in the given fact-situations appropriately. However, the rule-following of managers, it is argued, ought to be ethically correct for its own sake and for the sake of the ethical environment in the organization. For this purpose, the managers ought to interpret the rules for their correct applications, in fact-situations, instead of just following the rules. They ought to look for a rational interpretation of rules so they do not compromise their managerial responsibilities, as it is a question of understanding not only letters of rules but also the spirit of rules. The argument continues that apart from understanding the reasons for the rational interpretation of rules, there is also a need to assess the ethical justification of rules because, for example, a professional manager may come across a rule regarding gender discrimination or else he may not find any rule regarding unjust dismissal from the job in his organization. Given the above, I argue in the paper that the rule-following of managers in the organization is ethically required to be rooted in their ability to interpret and ethically justify rules rationally
A VIRTUE-THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVITY IN NEWS MEDIA
No full textJournalists are professionals and their primary obligations are owed to business managers in their respective media firms, members of the public and society in general. These primary obligations lead to certain considerations and other associated obligations. One of the most important associated obligations for journalists is considered to be objectivity. That is to say, journalists have an obligation to report the news objectively and the media coverage ought not to be slanted in favor of government or any public or private agency. Alongside, journalists themselves are expected to be objective to report the news in a neutral manner. In view of this, I examine a few virtue-theoretic implications of objectivity in news media to argue for the need for journalists to cultivate the virtues of objectivity and care to overcome conflicting views and opinions in news media to report the news impartially even while sharing a bond of attachment with the people in the world
A Philosophical Assessment of Non-Possessiveness in Teaching and Learning
No full textEducation involves teaching and learning to gather information improve knowledge and develop skills Corresponding value-oriented conduct is required to give a meaningful orientation to such a process The object of valueoriented conduct as a subject matter of education ethics is to seek the development of a human being as a being capable of understanding sympathy and communication with all members of the human race However with time it has been observed that an overemphasis on material interests has created the new uncivilized educated man because material interests and educational interests in such a process of education do not coincide in a meaningful wa
UNRAVELING THE AMBIGUITIES IN UNDERSTANDING OF CSR IN THE BUSINESS WORLD: A PROFESSIONAL ETHICS PERSPECTIVE
No full textThe arguments regarding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) typically revolve around two main perspectives. Thinkers of one perspective assert that Individuals or Organizations should engage in CSR primarily because it is their moral obligation to work for the wellbeing of fellow human beings and the environment because they have the resources to help the people and the government. Thinkers of opposing viewpoint argue that Individuals or Organizations may refrain from participating in CSR initiatives because the primary objective of any business entity is to make profit and pursuit of any other objective is considered to be a waste of resources at the cost of investors. Both these viewpoints appear to form a no-meeting-point web of opposing arguments possibly because the definition of CSR and the perception about CSR generate a lot many ambiguities. The definition of CSR informs about voluntary assumption of responsibilities that go beyond economic and legal responsibilities but the examples of CSR appear to be varied: one moment, it seems to mean the use of corporate resources to operate a program to address some social problem; the next, it is all about charitable donations, and sometime later, it seems to mean providing benefits to employees to improve their quality of life in the workplace. On the other hand, the perception of people about CSR appears to be two-fold: CSR is a moral endeavor and CSR is a business strategy. The people working in the business world and elsewhere perceive CSR as a moral endeavor to help the general lot of people and the environment, but that is also perceived to function simultaneously as a business strategy to promote the economic interests of the organization. We argue in the paper that there is a need to better understand the conflicting domains of definition of CSR and perception about CSR separately and in relation to each other because any ambiguity in the understanding of these two aspects of CSR potentially can pose dangers to the ethically correct practices of CSR in the business world and in the society
Diagnosis of isolated pancreatic tuberculosis: The role of EUS-guided FNA cytology
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Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textFunding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 1420 autors/es. Membres del GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators:
Stein Emil Vollset*, Hazim S Ababneh, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Hedayat Abbastabar, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Atef Abdelkader, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Giovanni Addolorato, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Faith Agbozo, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Austin J Ahlstrom, Aqeel Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Ashley E Akrami, Ema Akter, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Amjad S Al Mosa, Omar Al Ta’ani, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Fares Alahdab, Muaaz M Alajlani, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Samer O Alalalmeh, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Zufishan Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Robert W Aldridge, Seyedeh Yasaman Alemohammad, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Iman Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Victor Ekoche Ali, Waad Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A Alsabri, Zaid Altaany, Ala’a B Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Alyahya, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Reza Amani, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Erick Adrian Andrews, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Amir Anoushiravani, Catherine M Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Michele Aquilano, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Elshaimaa A Arafa, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Ali Ardekani, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Hany Ariffin, Mesay Arkew, Keivan Armani, Anton A Artamonov, Ashokan Arumugam, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Charlie Ashbaugh, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Hamzeh Awad, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Haleh Ayatollahi, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Fahad Khan Azeez, Rui M S Azevedo, Muhammad Badar, Soroush Baghdadi, Mahboube Bagheri, Nasser Bagheri, Ruhai Bai, Jennifer L Baker, Abdulaziz T Bako, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Martina Barchitta, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Sandra Barteit, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Matteo Bauckneht, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Maryam Bemanalizadeh, Isabela M Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Robert S Bernstein, Paulo J G Bettencourt, Kebede A Beyene, Melak Gedamu Beyene, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Ravi Bharadwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Vivek Bhat, Natalia V Bhattacharjee, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Catherine Bisignano, Bijit Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Christopher Boxe, Edward J Boyko, Oliver J Brady, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Hermann Brenner, Colin Stewart Brown, Annie J Browne, Traolach Brugha, Dana Bryazka, Norma B Bulamu, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Daniela Calina, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Shujin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Andrea Carugno, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Arthur Caye, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Edina Cenko, Ester Cerin, Steven J Chadban, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Julian Chalek, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Sara Chandy, Jaykaran Charan, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Akhilanand Chaurasia, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Simiao Chen, Nicolas Cherbuin, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Dong-Woo Choi, Bryan Chong, Chean Lin Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Dinh-Toi Chu, Eric Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Justin T Clayton, Rebecca M Cogen, Aaron J Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Haley Comfort, Joao Conde, Jon T Connolly, Ezra E K Cooper, Samuele Cortese, Natália Cruz-Martins, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Bronte E Dalton, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Subasish Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Diego De Leo, Shayom Debopadhaya, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Kuldeep Dhama, Amol S Dhane, Sameer Dhingra, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Michael J Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D Ding, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Masoud Dodangeh, Milad Dodangeh, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Sushil Dohare, Wanyue Dong, Mario D’Oria, Rajkumar Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Viola Dsouza, John Dube, Samuel C Dumith, Bruce B Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Anar Dushpanova, Sulagna Dutta, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Ejemai Eboreime, Alireza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Iman El Sayed, Osman Elamin, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Adel B Elmoselhi, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Mohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir, Theophilus I Emeto, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Zahra Esmaeili, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Luca Falzone, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Andre Faro, Kiana Fasihi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Valery L Feigin, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoqi Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira, Belete Sewasew Firew, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Joanne Flavel, Luisa S Flor, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Kristen Marie Foley, Marco Fonzo, Lisa M Force, Matteo Foschi, Alberto Freitas, Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Kai Glenn Fukutaki, João M Furtado, Blima Fux, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Silvano Gallus, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Rupesh K Gautam, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K A Getahun, Peter W Gething, Delaram J Ghadimi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sadegh Ghafarian, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, MohammadReza Ghasemi, Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Ehsan Gholami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Nasim Gholizadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah, Elena Ghotbi, Artyom Urievich Gil, Tiffany K Gill, Alem Girmay, James C Glasbey, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Mohamad Goldust, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Mahdi Gouravani, Anmol Goyal, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Stefano Guicciardi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Snigdha Gulati, David Gulisashvili, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Renu Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Annie Haakenstad, Najah R Hadi, Nils Haep, Abdul Hafiz, Dariush Haghmorad, Demewoz Haile, Adel Hajj Ali, Ali Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Nadia M Hamdy, Rifat Hamoudi, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J Hankey, Zaim Anan Haq, Md Rabiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Mohammad Hasanian, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Johannes Haubold, Simon I Hay, Jeffrey J Hebert, Omar E Hegazi, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A Henson, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Majid Heydari, Kamal Hezam, Irma Hidayana, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Michael Hultström, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Aliza J Hunt, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, M. Azhar Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Adalia I Ikiroma, Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Morteza Jafarinia, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Dr Ruchi Jakhmola Mani, Safayet Jamil, Roland Dominic G Jamora, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Shubha Jayaram, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Heng Jiang, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Vaishali K, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Sanjay Kalra, Ashwin Kamath, Rajesh Kamath, Arun Kamireddy, Mona Kanaan, Tanuj Kanchan, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Asima Karim, Samad Karkhah, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Hengameh Kasraei, Molly B Kassel, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Sina Kazemian, Fassikaw Kebede, Evie Shoshannah Kendal, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Shahram Khademvatan, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Asaad Khalid, Nauman Khalid, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Fayaz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid A Kheirallah, Manoj Khokhar, Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Atulya Aman Khosla, Majid Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Grace Kim, Julie Sojin Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Gerbrand Koren, Oleksii Korzh, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Omar Kujan, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Harish Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Amartya Kundu, Dian Kusuma, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Tuo Lan, Iván Landires, Francesco Lanfranchi, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Bagher Larijani, Anders O Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Hilary R Lawlor, Huu-Hoai Le, Long Khanh Dao Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Janet L Leasher, Doo Woong Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Massimo Libra, Virendra S Ligade, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Liknaw Workie Limenh, Daniel Lindholm, Paulina A Lindstedt, Stefan Listl, Gang Liu, Shiwei Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Erand Llanaj, Rubén López-Bueno, José Francisco López-Gil, Arianna Maever Loreche, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lisha Luo, Jay B Lusk, Lei Lv, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A Maghazachi, D. 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Mahadeshwara Prasad, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Elham Mahmoudi, Golnaz Mahmoudvand, Maureen Makama, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Yosef Manla, Ali Mansour, Mohammad Hadi Mansouri, Pejman Mansouri, Vahid Mansouri, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Bishnu P Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C Maravilla, Parham Mardi, Abdoljalal Marjani, Hamed Markazi Moghadam, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Gabriel Martinez, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sahar Masoudi, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Alexander G Mathioudakis, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mathur, Neeta Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Richard James Maude, Andrea Maugeri, Mahsa Mayeli, Mohsen Mazidi, Antonio Mazzotti, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Anna Laura W McKowen, Michael A McPhail, Steven M McPhail, Asim Mehmood, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Sepideh Mehravar, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, George A Mensah, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Abera M Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Adquate Mhlanga, Laurette Mhlanga, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Alireza Mirahmadi, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Roya Mirzaei, Philip B Mitchell, Chaitanya Mittal, Madeline E Moberg, Atousa Moghadam Fard, Seyedehfatemeh Mohajelin, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Ameen Mosa Mohammad, Soheil Mohammadi, Hussen Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Shaher Mohammad Momani, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, 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Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textInterpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.Stanaway, Jeffrey D-2520fbe1e553ab7130a3e14d339cc29e-0Afshin, Ashkan-4062fbc2d605ce12060facaec6d95b23-0Gakidou, Emmanuela-f92c7e1014d29cebdcab875927db3eac-0Lim, Stephen S-2dfacd56ccc922d1b607c443c3aed8b3-0Abate, Degu-4c9c9907f2717c0bf18a360b4adc23fa-0Abate, Kalkidan Hassen-c29aa366a14f60e18d131235548e6764-0Abbafati, Cristiana-f12d1252183d734ef769098209e59c75-0Abbasi, Nooshin-fe10e2a9e12733c5a369e08cac0cc626-0Abbastabar, Hedayat-db4b6e4e6a8f2f22ec5b2ef0001c80f7-0Abd-Allah, Foad-315bbcdbb313ea1850a4c83707cf22e4-0Abdela, Jemal-ea18b0db074176a0a8843cf7b6f4b574-0Abdelalim, Ahmed-729ff719b4f2e616be01aca670300fc6-0Abdollahpour, Ibrahim-01b160c436c07eb954f4720675e6bd23-0Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi-82f3def17146f3217d67e5d420a09d2f-0Abebe, Molla-f069369cc88f0ff20184f65022e52404-0Abebe, Zegeye-dc8063f4c2383f9646ee0c6014901e04-0Abera, Semaw Ferede-28fd674f722c27f0a3d66100a57fce74-0Abil, Olifan Zewdie-62e69e9e8589dc80140e0c9c76b2a743-0Abraha, Haftom Niguse-6f45c1da5e4fdda97c3adc3da2d477a6-0Roba, Aklilu Abrham-f97be0b52463568f84c9fa9affff2463-0Abu Raddad, Laith J-87179b55a3abe08d15357d22d77b0c9f-0Abun Rmeileh, Niveen M.E-e394ad81f593042412c8643ab8a7a4f9-0Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou-1b088b3416d0f6ec3a7e9c864680942d-0Acharya, Dilaram-240b7a14aa142c99753566d79c7f3b22-0Acharya, Pawan-01cb4a54739afb677b91e0c05c7bface-0Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi-e39e3857e02d33a997368b54498ac2c0-0Adane, Akilew Awoke-15c0422bbf6693d459926fee9fc4d9c1-0Adebayo, Oladimeji-4c0a9d75950ff513bd301db5f932d7d9-0Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji-84fc0bb933bb9ff247cda9f35406ff61-0Adekanmbi, Victor T-e61819d7aa2c70a57ded8f98f24e51c4-0Ademi, Zanfina-244384081418339dd051b719eea79eb7-0Adetokunboh, Olatunji O-adc3c1a0fbe4e0fcc186e9c39f20aab6-0Adib, Mina G-5e2e4a2b955c99a7148bf2835df4da1e-0Admasie, Amha-3886ac12611046939e2700837619b6cb-0Adsuar, Jose C-baf85df62abf1a7c7551a6af0dc965f5-0Afanvi, Kossivi Agbélénko-8ab9da633de1822d6740ff2bd12e2e8a-0Afarideh, Mohsen-16092959beee378428077dd5e6d04832-0Agarwal, Gina-264b1b6b950696d5c41cdcd383a30c3e-0Aggarwal, Anju-f8be93a84e70ebfb86441e91f9451992-0Aghayan, Sargis A-58cc18e7d481a0d431f2a3c93ee71b4e-0Agrawal, Anurag-509f342b1575b999d5ec6bd3f612df26-0Agrawal, Sutapa-f12c5d24e93e2c07c6321cb7dce96069-0Ahmadi, Alireza-219a6a30c7460d2b398c05ca35d5a1e1-0Ahmadi Moghadam, M-094a65b0c8189b7125eca1b8f5afae2e-0Ahmadieh, Hamid-6f9d23d4531563d07e9d3039d16294bc-0Ahmed, Muktar Beshir-827a98e28bbeb4ad75edaadbc87a6956-0Aichour, Amani Nidhal-84ac126cb31640764728380f61311b50-0Aichour, Ibtihel-984dfc4e36d078e7665d8d90220e472f-0Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine-8ea68860413c6b03f5c2f7f808fc3e59-0Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil-f41dc784812f38441d1a970abcd1e76f-0Akinyemiju, Tomi F.-aa496f0e0203c38d494058c117171fd1-0Akseer, Nadia-a208855455ad6ca542b60f1c9d6f0076-0Al Aly, Ziyad-5727374838f3b814fee2209100046f1f-0Al Eyadhy, Ayman A-4e6eed03ca8f2b345b91a02928d77d95-0Al Mekhlafi, H. 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