1,720,962 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Multimodale Analysen von sensorischen, motorischen sowie sprachbezogenen Arealen in Gehirnen mit Läsionen mittels fMRT und MEG
Get PDFBackground:
Neurosurgical decisions about interventions close to brain areas with sensory, motor, or language-related functions remain highly challenging because of the attendant risk of postoperative dysfunction. To minimize these risks, improvements in preoperative mapping of sensory, motor, or language regions are required, as space-occupying lesions often lead to altered cortical topography and reorganization of sensory, motor, or language-related areas.
Methods:
Two patient cohorts were studied; one consisted of 18 adult patients with brain lesions nearby language relevant areas. All patients were right-handed, left-dominant and German native speakers. The other cohort consisted of 13 patients with brain lesions near by the cortical sensor/motor region. As a control group, all experiments were also performed on three healthy volunteers.
Both cohorts were studied with a multimodal combination including fMRI and MEG experiments. One cohort performed the following language-stimulating tasks during the neuro-functional measurements: Firstly, read a verb and build the past tense of the first person singular (verb conjugation (VC) task). The verbs were short and preferentially with only one syllable. 80% were irregular verbs, 20% were regular verbs. For example: displayed: “trage” (“bear”) past tense: “trug” (“bore”). Secondly, read a noun and build a short sentence (build sentence (SB) task): The nouns are short, mostly only four or five letters long, often one syllable. Each of the 150 nouns was shown two times in randomized order. The sentences to be built should have a very simple structure, consisting of the article, noun, verb and maybe an adjective. For example: displayed: “Ball” (“ball”) sentence: “Der Ball ist rund” (“The ball is round”).
The second cohort performed motor-stimulating tasks and received sensory stimulation during the measurements. The motor task was to flex and stretch the second, third, fourth and fifth fingers as quickly as possible after a sensory stimulus (17 lb/in² for 40 ms) of the second finger of the contralateral hand. The interstimulus interval was on averaged about 3.5 seconds by 300 repetitions. An electromyogram (EMG) was recorded on the forearm muscles. This EMG signal was used to define the onset of rapid finger movement.
Results:
Both modalities (fMRI and MEG) showed a good agreement for the localization of the speech areas. The mean spatial distance for the centroids was 9.06 mm and that for the maxima was 10.58 mm, respectively. Due to the good spatial resolution of both methods, we were able to accurately measure 13 subareas per hemisphere and define their specific anatomical position more exactly. Signs of reorganization of language-relevant areas were found in 5 of 17 patients in both modalities (fMRI and MEG). The Euclidean distances between the expected anatomical position of these language areas and the nearest lesion border in T1-weighted MR images were significantly lower (p = 4.96e-06) compared to the areas without reorganization in the left hemisphere. An attenuation of the BOLD effect in these cases could be eliminated by using the findings of the MEG experiments. In three further patients of this cohort an attenuation of the neurovascular coupling was detected.
Localization of cortical sensory and motor areas using fMRI and MEG showed a good agreement with the mean spatial distance about 10 mm (for both centroids and maxima), with differences depending on the localization methods. The smallest mean differences for the centroids were 8 mm by using MNE for MEF localization and 8 mm using sLORETA for SEF localization, respectively. In addition, reorganization of the primary motor area (M1) was found in fMRI data in 5 of 12 patients. This finding was confirmed by the respective MEG data. In these 5 patients with M1 reorganization, the distance between the fMRI-based cortical M1 localization and the lesion border on T1-weighted MR images ranged between 0 and 4 mm, which was significantly (p = 0.025) lower compared to the distance in patients whithout M1 reorganization (5 - 26 mm). In addition, these patients had a latency difference about 60 ms between the M1-areas of the ipsilateral and contralateral (reorganized) sides of the lesion.
Conclusions:
The clinical application of non-invasive functional neuroimaging may lead to an improved patient outcome and an increased post-operative quality of life. Inclusion of these data into intraoperative neuronavigation may help to perform more radical resections much closer to the functional neuroimaging-defined functional areas and fiber tracks under prevention of long-term postoperative deficits.Hintergrund und Ziele:
Neurochirurgische Entscheidungen über Eingriffe in der Nähe von Gehirnarealen mit sensorischen, motorischen oder sprachbezogenen Funktionen sind aufgrund des damit verbundenen Risikos einer postoperativen Funktionsstörung nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung. Um diese Risiken zu minimieren, sind Verbesserungen bei der präoperativen Kartierung von sensorischen, motorischen sowie sprachbezogenen Regionen erforderlich, da raumfordernde Läsionen zu einer veränderten kortikalen Topographie und zu einer Reorganisation von sensorischen, motorischen oder sprachbezogenen Arealen führen können.
Methoden:
Für die sensorischen, motorischen als auch für die sprachbezogenen Untersuchungsgebiete wurde je eine Patientenkohorte ausgewählt. Achtzehn erwachsene Patienten mit Hirnläsionen nahe sprachrelevanter Areale wurden inkludiert. Alle waren Rechtshänder, mit linksdominanter Sprachlokalisation und deutscher Muttersprache. Zum anderen wurden 13 Patienten mit Hirnläsionen nahe der Sensor-/Motor-Region inkludiert. Zur Kontrolle wurden alle Experimente auch an drei gesunden Probanden durchgeführt.
Beide Patientenkohorten wurden mit einer Kombination aus fMRI und MEG untersucht. Die erstgenannte Kohorte bekam während der Durchführung von Messungen spracharealstimulierende Aufgaben:
Erstens sollte ein vorgegebenes Verb in der ersten Person konjugiert werden (Präteritum bilden). Die 150 verwendeten Verben waren kurz und bevorzugt einsilbig. 80% der Verben waren unregelmäßig, 20% waren regelmäßig, z.B. angezeigt: „trage“, Antwort: „trug“. Zweitens sollte ein Satz einfacher Struktur mit einem gegebenen Nomen gebildet werden. Die 150 verwendeten Substantive waren kurz (vier bis fünf Buchstaben) und oft nur einsilbig, z.B. angezeigt: „Ball“, mögliche Antwort: Der Ball ist rund. Als Trigger wurde ein image onset detector-Signal (IOD) verwendet.
Die zweitgenannte Kohorte erhielt während der der Messungen sensorische Stimulationen als Aufforderung zur Durchführung der motorischen Aufgaben. Die motorische Aufgabe belief sich auf das schnellstmögliche Beugen und Strecken des zweiten, dritten, vierten und fünften Fingers nach einem sensorischen Stimulus (17 lb/ in² für 40 ms) des zweiten Fingers der kontralateralen Hand. Das Interstimulusintervall betrug im Mittel ca. 3,5 Sekunden bei 300 Wiederholungen. Dabei wurde ein Elektromyogramm (EMG) an den Unterarmmuskeln aufgenommen. Dieses EMG-Signal wurde verwendet, um den Beginn der schnellen Fingerbewegung zu definieren.
Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen:
Beide Modalitäten, funktionelle Magnetresonststomographie (fMRT) und Magnetoencephalography (MEG), zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung in den Lokalisationen der Sprachareale sowie einen mittleren räumlichen Abstand der jeweiligen Zentroide von 9,06 mm und der Maxima von 10,58 mm. Durch die gute räumliche Auflösung beider Methoden waren wir in der Lage 13 Subareale der Sprachfunktion pro Hemisphäre exakt zu vermessen und ihre spezifische anatomische Position zu definieren. Es wurden Anzeichen für eine Reorganisation sprachrelevanter Areale bei 5 von 17 Patienten sowohl in den fMRI- als auch in den MEG-Ergebnissen nachgewiesen. Die euklidischen Abstände zwischen der erwarteten anatomischen Position dieser Sprachareale und der nächstgelegenen Läsionsgrenze in T1-gewichtetenMR-Bildern, waren in der linken Hemisphäre signifikant (p = 4.96e-06) geringer als die jener Areale, die keine Reorganisation aufwiesen. Eine Unterdrückung des BOLD-Effekts konnte bei diesen Patienten mittels MEG ausgeschlossen werden. Bei weiteren drei Patienten dieser Kohorte wurde eine Abschwächung der neurovaskulären Kopplung festgestellt.
Die Lokalisierung kortikaler sensorischer und motorischer Areale mittels fMRI und MEG zeigte ebenfalls eine gute räumliche Übereinstimmung mit einem mittleren räumlichen Abstand von etwa 10 mm (sowohl für Zentroide als auch für Maxima), wobei die Unterschiede von der Lokalisierungsmethode abhängig waren. Die kleinsten mittleren Unterschiede bei Bestimmung über Zentroide wiesen die MNE-Methode für die MEF-Lokalisation mit 8 mm, und die sLORETA-Methode für die SEF-Lokalisation mit 8 mm auf. Darüber hinaus wurde bei 5 von 12 Patienten mit fMRI eine Reorganisation des primären motorischen Areals (M1) gefunden und durch MEG-Daten bestätigt. Bei diesen fünf Patienten mit M1-Reorganisation betrug der Abstand zwischen der Grenze der fMRI-basierten kortikalen M1-Lokalisation und des Tumors auf T1-gewichteten MRT-Bildern zwischen 0 und 4 mm, was sich signifikant (p = 0,025) von den Abständen der Patienten ohne M1-Reorganisation (5 – 26 mm) unterschied. Zudem wiesen diese Patienten einen Latenzzeitunterschied der M1-Areale zwischen der ipsilateralen und der kontralateralen (reorganisierten) Seite der Läsion von ca. 60 ms auf.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Die klinische Anwendung nicht-invasiver funktioneller Neuro-Bildgebung und die daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können zu einem verbesserten Patienten-Outcome und zu einer erhöhten postoperativen Lebensqualität der Patienten führen. Unter Einbeziehung der intraoperativen Neuronavigation ist es möglich, Resektionen in Abständen von weniger als einigen Millimetern zu fMRT-definierten Spracharealen und Faserbereichen ohne langfristige postoperative Defizite durchzuführen
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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