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Validation on the Predicted Heat Strain model (PHS) for assessing firefighters' heat stress in wildland and structural fire situations
No full textMagistritöö
Ergonoomika õppekavalKäesoleva uurimistöö eesmärk oli hinnata prognoositud kuumastressi mudeli (PHS) valiidsust organismi füsioloogiliste näitajate abil, võrreldes prognoosi katsetulemustega simuleeritud metsa- ja maastiku- ning hoonetulekahju stsenaariumides. Metoodika: Valideerimise käigus kasutati kahte prognoositud kuumastressi mudeli varianti, PHS-LU ja PHS-FL, simuleeritud metsa- ja maastiku- ning hoonetulekahju stsenaariumis, arvestades kaitseriietuste Red Fox ja Taurus kombinatsioonide mõju. Katsetes kasutati kahte kaitse riietust (Red Fox ja Taurus) ning võrreldi katseisikute rektaal- ja nahatemperatuuri, keha vedelikukadu ja aurumist neis kaitseriietussüsteemides (Red Fox ja Taurus) välivormi kasutamisel (raske) ja ilma (kerge). Hoonetulekahju korral oli „kerge“ (Strateegia 1) see, kui eeltööde teostamisel oli seljas välivorm, k.a. T-särk ja aluspüksid. „Raske“ (Strateegia 2) korral välivorm peal ka tulekaitseriided ehk roobad. Tulemused: Simuleeritud metsa- ja maastikutulekahju tingimustes alahindas PHS-FL mudel järjepidevalt päästetöötaja rektaaltemperatuuri tõusu ja vedelikukadu. PHS-LU mudel oli täpsem suurema füüsilise koormuse korral, eriti Red Fox raske ja Taurus raske puhul, kus tegelike ja prognoositud väärtuste vahel ei ilmnenud olulisi erinevusi. Taurus kerge korral oli siiski märgatav alahindamine, eriti rektaal- ja nahatemperatuuri puhul. Simuleeritud hoonetulekahju stsenaariumis ilmnes sarnane trend nagu metsa- ja maastikutulekahju stsenaariumis. PHS-FL mudel prognoosis päästetöötaja rektaaltemperatuuri oluliseks madalamaks ja selle stabiliseerumist ajaliselt varasemaks, kui seda mõõdeti katsetingimustes. Nahatemperatuuri osas jäid mõlema mudeli prognoosid märkimisväärselt alla katsealuste tegelikele väärtustele. Samuti alahindas PHS-FL mudel oluliselt keha vedeliku kadu. PHS-LU mudel oli hoonetulekahju tingimustes taas täpsem nii Red Fox kui ka Taurus raske korral, kuid nimetatud kaitseriietuse puhul kerge tingimustes esines alahindamist, eriti taastumisperioodil. Ka keha aurumist ei suutnud mudelid realistlikult kajastada. PHS-LU mudel prognoosis aurumist süsteemselt madalamaks kui seda tegelikult mõõdeti katseisikutel. Samal ajal PHS-FL mudel ei andnud aurumist eraldi väljundina. Kuna tulemused näitasid, et kumbki mudel ei suutnud vaadeldavates tingimustes piisava täpsusega ennustada organismi füsioloogilisi muutusi, siis tuleks mõlemaid PHS mudeli variante (PHS-LU ja PHS-FL) täiustada. Tuleb arvestada päästetöötaja füsioloogiliste parameetrite dünaamikat tulekoldes viibimisel, ennetamaks piirväärtusi ületavaid näitajaid rektaal- ja nahatemperatuuride, vedelikukao, k.a. aurumise osas. Sõltuvalt tulekahju stsenaariumist on olulisel kohal päästetöötaja kaitseriietuse kombinatsioon (kerge, raske). Uuringu tulemused näitasid, et kumbki PHS mudeli variant ei suutnud vaadeldavates tingimustes piisava täpsusega ennustada organismi füsioloogilisi muutusi. Järeldused: Mõlemaid mudeleid ( PHS-LU ja PHS-FL) tuleks täiustada, arvestades päästetöötaja füsioloogiliste parameetrite dünaamikat tulekoldes viibimisel, ennetamaks organismi füsioloogiliste näitajate piirväärtusi ületavaid väärtusi, sõltuvalt tulekahju stsenaariumist. PHS mudelite täiustamine on eluliselt oluline päästetöötajate tööohutuse seisukohast.The aim of this research was to evaluate the validity of the Predicted Heat Strain model (PHS) based on the experimental results performed in a simulated wildland and structural fire scenario by comparing measured and modelled physiological parameters. Methodology: During the validation, two online versions of the heat strain model, PHS-LU and PHS-FL, were utilized while considering the effects of so called light and heavy (without and with station wear) combinations of the Red Fox and Taurus protective clothing systems. These two turnout gear systems were used with and without the use of station wear in wildland firefighting scenario, and with and without the use of turnout gear during the simulated prework in structural firefighting scenario. The subjects' rectal and skin temperatures, body fluid loss, and evaporation were compared. In the event of a structural fire, the situation was considered “light” (Strategy 1) if, during the preparatory work, the person was wearing station wear, including a T-shirt and underwear. In the case of a “heavy” condition (Strategy 2), firefighter protective clothing – i.e., turnout gear – was worn on top of the station wear already during prework simulation. Results: In simulated wildland firefighting scenario, the PHS-FL model consistently underestimated the rectal temperature increase and fluid loss of a rescue worker. The PHS-LU model was more accurate for higher physical exertion, especially for Red Fox heavy and Taurus heavy conditions, where no significant differences appeared between the actual and projected values. However, there was a noticeable underestimation of the rectal and skin temperatures in Taurus light condition . The simulated structural firefighting scenario showed a similar trend as the wildland firefighting scenario. The PHS-FL model predicted that the rectal temperature of the rescue worker would be significantly lower and that it would stabilize earlier in time compared to measured under experimental conditions where it did not stabilize during heat exposure. In terms of skin temperature, the predictions of both models were significantly lower than the actual values of the test subjects. Also, the PHS-FL model significantly underestimated the body's fluid loss. The PHS-LU model was once again more accurate in the conditions of structural fire scenario in both Red Fox and Taurus heavy conditions. However, there was an underestimation in the light condition while using this protective clothing system, especially during the recovery period. The models were unable to realistically reflect the evaporation of the body. The PHS-LU model predicted evaporation to be systematically lower than it was actually measured in test subjects. Because the results showed that neither model was able to predict physiological changes in the body with sufficient accuracy under the observed conditions, then both model versions should be improved. The dynamics of the physiological parameters of the rescue worker while acting at the fire incident site must be taken into account in order to prevent excessive values of rectal and skin temperatures and fluid loss (evaporation) indicators. The combination of protective clothing (light, heavy) depending on the fire scenario plays an important role. Conclusions: Both model versions (PHS-LU and PHS-FL) need improvements in order to predict the dynamics of the physiological parameters of the firefighters while performing their tasks, in order to prevent the organism from exceeding the thresholds of physiological parameters in different rescue scenarios. The use of station wear under protective clothing layers (light, heavy) is important to consider, as it is vital for the occupational safety of rescue workers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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