130,818 research outputs found
The impact of excessive protein consumption on human wastewater nitrogen loading of US waters
No full textTotal and per capita protein consumption rates in US diets, whether from plant or animal sources, rank among the highest in the world. When protein consumption outpaces physiologic protein demands, excess amino acids are degraded in the human body and nitrogen (N) is excreted and released to the environment, mainly in the form of urea. Such excess reactive N can enter downstream environments, thereby impairing human and ecosystem health as well as contributing to economic losses. We show that matching protein consumption with physiologic requirements would reduce US hydrologic N losses to aquatic ecosystems by 12% and overall (atmospheric and hydrologic) N losses to ecosystems by 4%. Were US citizens to consume protein at recommended rates, projected N excretion rates in 2055 would be 27% less than they are today, despite population growth. Optimizing US protein consumption to levels that meet human health standards has environmental benefits on par with improving wastewater treatment using existing technology, while also generating impactful economic benefits
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust
No full textInformation regarding adverse health effects resulting from exposure to respirable coal mine dust was reviewed as a basis for the development of new occupational safety and health standards. Evidence indicated that coal mine dust exposures over a working lifetime may result in the development of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis, progressive massive fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Based on epidemiology studies, a working lifetime exposure to levels of coal dust at the current Mine Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit of 2mg/m3 increased the risk of developing these disorders. When exposure also occurs to crystalline silica (14808607) at respirable size particles, the danger of developing silicosis or mixed dust pneumoconiosis was also present. NIOSH recommends in this report that the exposures to respirable coal mine dust be limited to 1mg/m3 as a time weighted average concentration for up to 10 hours a day during a 40 hour work week. Recommendations are provided concerning respirable coal mine dust sampling to monitor worker exposure, the proper use of personal protective equipment, and medical screening and surveillance examinations.NIOSHTIC No 00230308Eileen D. Kuempel was project manager and developed the document.Includes bibliographical references.NIOSH8/24/201
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Scholarly Communication and Publishing Lunch and Learn Talk #11: The ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund
No full textAt the May 2014 talk, you will learn about the ULS Open Access Author Fee Fund--what it is, why we do it, how it works, and how the program is going so far
Erratum: Opinion: Putting all foods on the same table: Achieving sustainable food systems requires full accounting (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America(2019)116(18152–18156)Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913308116)
No full textCorrection to Supporting Information for “Opinion: Putting all foods on the same table: Achieving sustainable food systems requires full accounting,” by Benjamin S. Halpern, Richard S. Cottrell, Julia L. Blanchard, Lex Bouwman, Halley E. Froehlich, Jessica A. Gephart, Nis Sand Jacobsen, Caitlin D. Kuempel, Peter B. McIntyre, Marc Metian, Daniel D. Moran, Kirsty L. Nash, Johannes Többen, and David R. Williams, which was first published September 10, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1913308116 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 18152–18156). The authors note that the following datasets were missing from the published article: Dataset S1, Dataset S2, and Dataset S3. The datasets have been added online
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