1,721,010 research outputs found
Neuropsychological and neuroimaging investigations of developmental language disorder (DLD)
Get PDFDevelopmental language disorder (DLD) affects approximately 7% of children, leading to persistent difficulties in learning language without a known cause. Previous studies have used neuroimaging to understand the brain basis of DLD, but these studies are limited by their small sample sizes. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, no longitudinal neuroimaging studies of DLD exist, which are needed to determine patterns of brain change in this population. To address these issues, extensive neuropsychological and neuroimaging data were collected from 156 children and adolescents aged 10 to 15 years with a range of language learning abilities, including 54 who met our criteria for DLD, 74 who were typically developing, and 28 with a history of speech-language difficulties who otherwise did not meet the DLD criteria. Fifty-three of these participants were followed up four to five years later in a longitudinal investigation.
At initial assessment, participants with DLD performed poorer than their typically developing peers on all behavioural measures of language, memory, reading, nonverbal reasoning, and motor control. At follow up, the gap in performance between participants with DLD (n = 20) and typically developing controls (n = 22) persisted, despite similar rates of gain in both groups on most tests. The performance of participants with a history of speech-language difficulties (n = 11) typically lay between the two other groups.
Analysis of the structural scans in the cross-sectional cohort using FreeSurfer-derived cortical metrics revealed reduced surface area in participants with DLD compared with controls in several brain regions, including symmetric portions of the anterior inferior frontal gyrus. Analysis of the whole cohort using a language proficiency factor revealed a positive correlation between language ability and surface area in similar cortical regions. Longitudinal analyses in the subsample showed significant cortical changes over time across the cortex, but following whole-brain correction for multiple comparisons, the DLD and typically developing groups did not differ significantly in any of the cortical metrics, nor did they differ significantly in the rate of change in cortical metrics over time. Exploratory analyses at lower statistical thresholds, however, indicated a pattern of change in surface area in participants with DLD consistent with prolonged and delayed neuromaturation.
Lastly, functional MRI was used to investigate differences in brain activity associated with learning to repeat pseudowords in DLD. Pseudoword repetition evoked activity in a left-lateralised network of fronto-temporal cortical areas and in the cerebellum bilaterally. Differences in patterns of activity in participants with DLD (n = 46) were seen in parts of the dorsal motor cortex that were not activated above baseline in controls (n = 71). There was also less pronounced attenuation of neural activity in DLD in cortical regions that are typically considered parts of the default-mode network. These regions were robustly task-negative in controls. The neural activity associated with learning to articulate pseudowords did not differ between groups. Examining activity in the fronto-striatal network using region-of-interest analyses revealed a difference in participants with DLD in the pattern of lateralised activity during pseudoword repetitions in the inferior frontal gyrus.
In summary, the work presented in this thesis provides new information regarding neural differences in individuals with DLD in terms of brain structure and function, and how behaviour and brain structure change over the late adolescent period. The relevance of these behavioural, structural, and functional findings is discussed in relation to current theories of DLD and clinical practice
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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