112,316 research outputs found
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
Auxiliary Supplementary Materials (SM)
No full text<p>Auxiliary Supplementary Materials (SM) for:</p>
<p>Bento N., Grubler A., Boza-Kiss B., De Stercke S., Krey V., McCollum D., Zimm C., Alves T. (2024). Greater leverage for energy security with demand-side policies. <em>Science,</em> DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6150.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The ZIP file includes datasets, scripts, and analysis.</p>
<p>See the "READ ME" file for more specific details.</p>
Cyrtodactylus zugi Oliver, Tjaturadi, Krey & Richards, 2008, sp. nov.
No full textCyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. Figures 1–3 Holotype: MZB lace 5574 (F-num SJR 7689), adult female with entire original tail, detached at base during collection, collected on large tree trunk in lowland rainforest adjacent to Yakut Camp, Batanta Island, Raja Ampat Archipelago, Papua Barat Province, Indonesia (00o 53.749 ’S, 130 o 38.498 ’E; elevation ~ 10 m asl) on 18 June 2005 by K. Krey, B. Tjaturadi and S. Richards. Paratypes: MZB lace 5575 (F-num SJR 7690) adult female with regrown tail, MZB lace 5573 (F-num 7749) adult female with regrown tail and damaged snout, both specimens with same collection information as the holotype except MZB lace 5573 collected 21 June 0 5. Diagnosis. Cyrtodactulus zugi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Melanesian Cyrtodactylus by the combination of large size (SVL up to 159 mm), robust build (HW/SVL 0.21–0.22), precloacal groove absent, subcaudal scales less than twice width of lateral and dorsal caudal scales, relatively small rounded tubercles along the lateral fold, a series of enlarged ventral tubercles present below the lateral fold, enlarged tubercles on ventral surface of head confined to the region around the angle of the lower jaw, moderate number of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales (> 28) arranged in straight or almost straight series, and dorsal colouration consisting of 3–4 very dark greyish-brown indistinct dorsal blotchess between the head and tail. Description of holotype. A large, robust gecko (SVL 159.0 mm), head long (HL/SVL 0.265), wide (HW/ HL 0.744) and very distinct from neck. Skin missing (damaged) in thin triangular section extending from just dorsal of the rostral to halfway up the snout. Loreal region slightly inflated, interorbital region and top of snout concave, canthus rostralis very weakly defined. Snout relatively long, much longer than eye diameter. Eyes relatively large, pupil vertical, supraciliaries prominent and frill like, extending over dorsal half of eye. Ear opening relatively small (Ear/HL= 0.098), much wider than high, surrounded by ventral, posterior and dorsal skinfolds. Rostral approximately twice as wide (7.2 mm) as high (3.8 mm), with slight medial depression, widest at the ventral edge of the nares, indistinct suture extending down left side from midpoint almost to jaw; two enlarged supranasals separated by two nasals, right nasal much larger and bordered dorso-laterally by smaller left nasal. Nares bordered by first supralabial, rostral, first supranasal and series of five (left) and four (right) postnasals. Twelve enlarged supralabials on both right and left side, supralabials roughly square to approximately midpoint of eye, posterior of eye greatly reduced and much higher than long, bordered dorsally by a discontinuous series of enlarged scales (becoming continuous just anterior to the eye). Infralabials reaching rictus, with twelve on each side, fifth infralabial on right side divided by horizontal suture into dorsal and slightly smaller ventral sections, bordered ventrally by several rows of enlarged scales. Mental triangular, much wider than long, flared anteriorly, bordered by two enlarged postmentals twice as long as wide. Enlarged tubercles present on ventral surface of head around the angle of the lower jaw, and in single row extending anteriorly along jawline to approximately level with orbital. Body elongate (TrL/SVL 0.455) with distinct ventrolateral folds. Lateral fold with low rounded tubercles separated from each other by 2–4 granules, posterior tubercles on fold are larger. One row of enlarged tubercles (2–3 times diameter of surrounding scales) positioned ventral to lateral fold. Dorsum heavily tuberculate, relatively large flattened tubercles arranged in approximately twenty indistinct rows at midpoint of body, tubercles on temporal and nuchal regions relatively smaller and tending towards conical. Ventral scales in approximately fifty rows at midpoint, becoming much wider medially; enlarged precloacal and femoral scales in very slightly curved continuous series of 32, extending to halfway along femur, bordered anteriorly by rows of smaller but still enlarged scales, particularly around vent, bordered posteriorly by much smaller granules. Forelimbs (FA/SVL 0.135) and hindlimbs (CS/SVL 0.187) relatively elongate, hindlimbs more robust and slightly longer than forelimbs (CS/FA 1.386). Lateral and dorsal surfaces of limbs heavily tuberculate, tubercles varying significantly in size, becoming more numerous, larger and somewhat more conical distally on forelimbs; evenly distributed on hindlimbs. Digits long and well developed, inflected at basal interphalangeal joints; subdigital lamellae smooth, undivided, expanded proximal to joint inflection; large recurved claws sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale, 21 lamellae on left finger I, 24 on left finger IV; 22 lamellae on left toe I, 25 on left toe IV. Slight basal webbing on both manus and pes. Tail original but broken at time of collection, narrow, tapering to a point, with distinct lateral fold; caudal scales increasing in size ventrally, divided subcaudal scales distinctly enlarged relative to lateral and dorsal caudal scales. Enlarged tubercles absent on lateral and ventral surfaces of tail; numerous rows of enlarged dorsal tubercles at base of tail reduce to two rows that extend along tail for approximately 30 mm; four (left) and three (right) enlarged postanal tubercles at base of tail. Colouration. Dorsum with three large, dark greyish-brown irregular blotches (including nuchal band) on a background of various shades of light grey, tending to off-white in patches. Dark blotches extend laterally to approximately midpoint of body; further very small and indistinct dark dorsal blotches are barely visible between the two posterior-most large blotches. Nuchal band with almost straight (slightly concave) edge anteriorly (just above ears), extends posteriorly to axilla in a triangular shape and laterally across temporal region to posterior edge of the eyes: ventral edge of nuchal band sharply demarcated against greyish off-white lower lateral colouration of head; dorsal edge of nuchal band sharply demarcated against dorsal surface of head and lores which are light brown finely mottled with darker brown. Labials off-white, with indistinct brown barring. Throat finely mottled with light grey and off-white, venter of torso darker with scattered dark grey spots increasing in frequency posteriorly. Arms and legs mottled dark brown and dark grey dorsally, dark to light grey ventrally. Tail with three very wide dark brown dorsal bands followed by numerous smaller and increasingly broken bands posteriorly; area between dark bands light grey with numerous scattered dark brown spots; ventral surface of tail heavily mottled with numerous shades of grey and brown. MZB MZB MZB Variation. Comparative mensural and meristic data for the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 1. All specimens conform broadly with the description of the holotype. MZB lace 5573 has a large scar on the snout extending from the rostral to between the eyes, and has a largely regrown tail. The regrown section lacks transverse bands, is dark grey with two light grey dorso-lateral stripes and has irregular and relatively small scales. The venter of this specimen is slightly darker and more heavily spotted with dark grey than the holotype, particularly in the gular region. MZB lace 5575 (Fig. 3 A) has a largely regrown tail, has four instead of three large dorsal blotches, has a slightly indented enlarged femoral and precloacal scale series and has more brown pigmentation on the venter, giving an overall impression of being much darker. Colouration in life. Photographs in life of one paratype MZB 5575 show the pattern to be consistent with that retained in preservative. The iris is pale gold tending towards reddish at the centre with sparse dark brown vertical venation and extensive fine, very light brown reticulation. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. is most similar to the large bodied animals placed in the C. loriae group by Rösler et al. (2007). It can be readily distinguished from C. serratus by the absence of spiniform tubercles along the lateral fold and the tail, and complete absence of lateral tubercles on the tail. It can be distinguished from C. loriae by the presence of enlarged tubercles around the angle of the lower jaw and ventral to the lateral fold (absent in C. loriae) and a straight or almost straight short series of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales, as opposed to V-shaped and much longer (29–34 V 60–80). Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov can be distinguished from C. novaeguineae by the absence of enlarged tubercles extending across the ventral surface of the throat (illustrated in Brongersma (1934)).The recently described and geographically proximate species Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis is most similar to C. zugi sp. nov., but has a shorter series of enlarged precloacal and femoral scales (12–21 vs 29–34), a narrower head (HW/SVL 0.173–0.204 vs 0.210–0.221), lacks mottling on the dorsum of the head and lateral surface of the body, lacks dark speckling on the venter and lacks dark brown labial barring (Rösler et al. 2007, Fig. 3). Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. can be distinguished from similar-sized animals in the C. louisiadensis group (sensu Rösler et al. 2007), C. lousiadensis, C. murua, C. salomonensis, and C. tuberculatus by possessing relatively small (vs wide undivided) subcaudal scales and by the presence of enlarged tubercles below the lateral fold and under the supra-angular edge of the lower jaw. All Melanesian Cyrtodactylus not listed above have a maximum SVL of less than 110 mm, much smaller than Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. The dorsal colouration of three to four dark grey bands (including the nuchal band) exhibited by C. zugi sp. nov. is also different from all of these species; C. aaroni and C. mimikanus have more than eight thin white bands bands on a chocolate brown ground colour; C. derongo has a relatively plain dorsum with small dark spots and white tubercles; C. capreoloides, C. marmoratus, C. papuensis and C. sermowaiensis all have six or more dark dorsal bands or a series of spots on a comparatively light dorsum. Cyrtodactylus zugi sp. nov. can be further distinguished from C. marmoratus and C. papuensis by the absence of a precloacal pit. Distribution and Natural History. The new species is known only from lowland tropical rainforest on Batanta Island (Fig. 4). The habitat at the type locality consisted of selectively logged forest with numerous remaining large old trees, but also with extensive regrowth. Specimens were collected at night from the 0.5–3 m above the ground on large rainforest trees. The holotype and paratype (MZB lace 5575) were both collected at separate times from the same large fig (Ficus) tree on the same night (Fig. 5). Etymology. Named in honour of George Zug from the Smithsonian Institution in recognition of his vast contributions to our knowledge of the systematics and ecology of the herpetofauna of Melanesia and Asia.Published as part of Oliver, Paul, Tjaturadi, Burhan, Krey, Keliopas & Richards, Stephen, 2008, A new species of large Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Melanesia, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1894 on pages 60-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18439
Auxiliary Supplementary Materials (SM)
No full text<p>Auxiliary Supplementary Materials (SM) for:</p>
<p>Bento N., Grubler A., Boza-Kiss B., De Stercke S., Krey V., McCollum D., Zimm C., Alves T. (2024). Greater leverage for energy security with demand-side policies. <em>Science,</em> DOI: 10.1126/science.adj6150.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>The ZIP file includes datasets, scripts, and analysis.</p>
<p>See the "READ ME" file for more specific details.</p>
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Litoria gasconi Richards, Oliver, Krey & Tjaturadi, 2009, new species
No full textLitoria gasconi new species (Figs. 1 A–D, 2 B, 3) Holotype. MZB Amph. 15839 (FN SJR 6018), adult male, calling at time of collection (16 July 2004), tissue preserved in 70 % ethanol, camp near Marina Valen Village (02o 22.230 'S, 138 o 12.753 'E), 500 m a.s.l., southern foothills of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia, collected by Stephen Richards and Burhan Tjaturadi. Paratopotype. Male, calling when collected, MZB Amph. 15840 (FN SJR 6019), with same date, locality and collectors as holotype. Paratype. Male, calling when collected, MZB Amph. 12036 (FN SJR 9805), 17 November 2005, 'Kwerba Camp' (2 o 38.467 ' S, 138 o 24.916 'E), 200 m a.s.l., near Kwerba Village, southern foothills of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia, collected by Stephen Richards and Burhan Tjaturadi. Diagnosis. Litoria gasconi sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other Litoria by the combination of moderate size (males 39.3–41.6 mm), predominately green dorsal colouration interspersed with numerous yellow spots (light blue in preservative), white bilobed dermal ridge below the vent, and further ridges extending from heel to fifth toe and on the forearms, large eyes (EYE/SVL 0.12–0.15), thighs, groin and axillary spots orange in life without any trace of blue, absence of black vermiculations on thigh and venter, absence of a canthal stripe between the eye and nares, and advertisement call consisting of a single soft, distinctly pulsed chirp containing 4–6 pulses and lasting 0.02– 0.03 s. Description of holotype. Adult male with vocal slits and calling when collected (with measurements given in Table 1). Body moderately slender, limbs moderately short (TL/SVL 0.56), head wider than body in dorsal profile, distinct from neck (HW/SVL 0.36). Snout rounded in dorsal profile, slightly rounded but nearly truncate in lateral profile, upper jaw protruding marginally over lower jaw. Canthus rostralis slightly curved, not sharply defined, loreal region slightly concave, nares oriented anterio-laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes, labial region flared. Eyes large (EYE/SVL 0.15), prominent, clearly protruding in lateral and dorsal views, pupil horizontal. Tympanum clearly visible, small (TYM/SVL 0.06), approximately half diameter of eye (TYM/EYE 0.44), annulus distinct and bordered dorsally by supratympanic fold that runs from posterior corner of eye and terminates above axilla. Choanae small and circular, close to lateral edge of palate; vomerine teeth in two moderate-sized clumps medial to choanae; tongue fleshy and ovoid. Dorsal skin finely granular; ventral skin smooth on throat, coarsely granular on abdomen; a fleshy bilobed dermal ridge below vent, and dermal ridges along outside edge of tarsus and forearm. MZB 15839 (SJR 6018) MZB 15840 (SJR 6019) MZB 12036 (SJR 9805) Holotype Paratopotype Paratype M M M SVL 39.3 40.7 41.6 TL 21.9 22.6 23.4 HW 14.2 13.9 15.2 HL 13.8 13.2 12.7 EYE 5.7 5.7 4.7 TYM 2.5 2.4 2.4 IN 3.9 4.1 4.2 EN 2.5 3.1 3.7 3 FD 2.4 2.3 2.3 3 FP 1.7 1.7 1.6 4 TD 2.0 2.0 1.9 4 TP 1.6 1.6 1.4 Fingers moderately long in comparison to other Papuan Litoria (Tyler 1968); with relative lengths III>IV>II>I; fleshy opaque webbing between all digits: in a narrow strip between I and II, and reaching to penultimate phalanx on outer edges of II and III, to third phalanx on inner edge of III, and to disc on IV. Terminal discs on all fingers prominent (3 FP/ 3 FD 0.71), with circum-marginal grooves. Nuptial pads without pigmentation and very indistinct; single indistinct unpigmented bifid subarticular tubercles present on penultimate phalanx of all fingers, and a series of additional subarticular tubercles present on IV; single indistinct ovoid inner metacarpal tubercle present at base of I. Toes long in comparison to other Papuan Litoria (Tyler 1968); relative lengths IV>III>V>II>I; with extensive fleshy opaque webbing. Web extends to discs on outer edge of II, III and inner edge of V, to penultimate phalanx on both sides of IV and inner edge of II and III, and to penultimate tubercle on I; dermal flanges extending to disc on III and IV. Discs prominent (4 TP/ 4 TD 0.80) with circum-marginal grooves; single rounded subarticular tubercles present on all digits, small ovoid metatarsal tubercle at base of toe I, series of distinct rounded ventral tubercles of varying sizes present on proximal third of femur. In preservative dorsal ground colour of head, body and legs slate blue with extensive randomly scattered sky-blue spots; dorsal surfaces of fingers, and lower portions of forelimbs and toes largely unpigmented, though sometimes with small patches of blue pigment, especially on toes. Lateral surfaces slate blue heavily flecked with bluish white, lateral surfaces of head distinctly lighter than dorsal surfaces of head, edge of upper jaw with a continuous white margin from rictus to rictus, orbital bordered by a thin white ring. Ventral surfaces of body and forelimbs off-white, hind limbs slightly darker with poorly defined brown stripe along posterior edge and on to toe V; prominent dermal flange below vent grades from slate blue dorsally to white ventrally, to bordered at ventral edge by a poorly defined brown stripe. Variation. All types are very similar in overall proportions to the holotype; summary meristic data is given in Table 1 and key ratios are given in Table 2. Paratopotype MZB Amph. 15840 (SJR 6019) is missing most of the second finger on the left hand. Colouration in preservative is highly consistent, the dorsal surfaces are always slate blue with extensive sky blue spotting, ventral and hidden surfaces are off-white except for thin brown stripes below the venter and along the posterior ventral edge of the tarsus, and all specimens also possess a distinctive white dermal flange below the vent, and a further white lateral dermal flange extending from the heel to the fifth toe. All types are males that were calling when collected, but lack obvious pigmented nuptial pads and further collecting may reveal this to be an additional diagnostic character for the species. Appearance in life. Typical colouration in life is shown in Figure 2. The following description is based on colour photographs of all three type specimens. Colour pattern is highly consistent: dorsum mottled bright leaf green, densely flecked with small indistinct tiny yellowish dots, and much larger, scattered and indistinctly edged yellow spots of varying size; lateral surfaces grading from heavily mottled with green and yellow dorsolaterally, to mottled green and white ventrolaterally; venter white. Small amount of brown blotching present in subocular region of paratopotype MZB Amph. 15840 (SJR 6019). Exposed dorsal and lateral surfaces of arms and legs mottled green and yellow, with scattered large yellow spots as on dorsum; hidden parts of groin, thighs and axillary region bright orange. Toes and fingers predominately white with some scattered green patches on dorsal surface of outer digits. Crenulated dermal flanges on arm and tarsus white; bilobed dermal ridge and scattered tubercles below vent and thighs white. Iris white with fine brown vermiculations, pupil horizontal. L. gasconi sp. nov. L. multiplica (male) L. multiplica (female) n = 3 n = 22 n = 8 SVL 40.5 (39.3–41.6) 36.4 (31.1–38.9) 41.9 (37.65–47.1) TL 22.6 (21.9–23.4) 20.3 (16.4–21.9) 24.0 (20.4–27.4) HL 13.2 (12.7–13.8) 11.3 (9.5–12.8) 12.3 (10.2–14.3) HW 14.5 (13.9–15.2) 12.1 (9.8 –14.0) 13.5 (11.7–15.9) EYE 5.5 (5.0– 5.7) 3.9 (3.3–4.4) 3.9 (3.4–4.2) HW/SVL 0.36 (0.34–0.37) 0.33 (0.30–0.37) 0.32 (0.29–0.34) HL/SVL 0.33 (0.31–0.35) 0.31 (0.29–0.33) 0.29 (0.27–0.32) TL/SVL 0.56 (0.56 – 0.56) 0.56 (0.53–0.58) 0.57 (0.54–0.62) EYE/SVL 0.13 (0.12–0.15) 0.11 (0.09–0.13) 0.09 (0.08–0.10) Advertisement call. Thirty-one calls produced by paratype MZB Amph. 15840 (SJR 6019) were recorded and analysed. The holotype and paratype MZB Amph. 12036 (SJR 9805) produced calls that were indistinguishable to the ear, but recordings were of insufficient quality for detailed analysis. L. gasconi sp. nov. produced two distinct call types, herein referred to as ‘short’ calls and ‘long’ calls. Twenty-seven of the 31 calls (87.1 %) are ‘short calls’, and 4 are ‘long’ calls. ‘Short’ calls were produced on average every 9.6 s (n = 27, range = 4.3– 23.7 s, SD = 3.72) and they were all structurally similar, consisting of a single sharp chirp lasting just 0.019– 0.030 s (n = 27, mean = 0.024 s, SD = 0.003) and having a dominant frequency of 1520– 1890 Hz (n = 27, mean = 1750 Hz, SD = 67). Pulsed structure within these extremely short calls was not evident in the field, but analyses revealed that each call contains 4–6 pulses (n = 27, mean = 5.3, SD = 0.6) produced at a rate of 153.3–216.2 /s (n = 27, mean = 200.5 /s, SD = 12.9). ‘Long’ calls were produced less frequently than ‘short’ calls and were usually uttered in response to the call of a nearby male, suggesting a territorial rather than a mate attracting function. Length of ‘long’ calls was extremely variable (0.046– 0.146 s, SD = 0.05, n = 4) but 3 of these calls had pulse rates within the range of short calls (i.e. 187–193 /s) indicating that the frogs are simply adding pulses to their calls at the same rate to produce ‘territorial’ calls. A consequence of their longer duration is that in the field these calls sounded distinctly (albeit finely) pulsed to the ear. One ‘long’ call produced by the holotype had a much slower pulse rate than all other calls (120 /s) and the highest number of pulses (18). Similar calls were heard in the field, again predominantly in response to calls of nearby males, and were often produced in couplets or triplets producing a soft ‘bleating’ effect. Typical ‘short’ and ‘long’ calls are illustrated in Figure 3. Comparisons. The combination of medium size (39.3–41.6 mm), green dorsal colouration with large yellow spots, and white dermal ridges on the forelimbs, hindlimbs and below the vent will readily distinguish Litoria gasconi sp. nov. from all Litoria except L. multiplica. Litoria gasconi differs from Litoria multiplica in lacking extensive dark markings on the groin, venter and lateral surfaces, in having bright orange groin, thigh and axillary colouration (as opposed to bright blue, or orange mixed with bright blue, see Figure 2), in being on average slightly larger, and in having proportionally larger eyes (see summary of meristic and FIGURE 3. Wave form (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of A) advertisement call of Litoria gasconi sp. nov. (MZB Amph. 15840), B) ‘territorial’ call of Litoria gasconi sp. nov. (MZB Amph. 15840), both recorded at an air temperature of 23 o C, and C) two components of the biphasic ' Type 1 ' advertisement call of Litoria multiplica (SAMA R 64644) recorded at an air temperature of 20.5 o C. mensural comparisons in Table 2). The advertisement call of L. gasconi sp. nov. is also distinctly different, consisting of a single short but distinctly pulsed note (see ‘advertisement call’ above), while that of L. multiplica consists of a very loud 2 -note call with a pulse rate that is much slower than that of L. gasconi sp. nov. (30–47 /s vs 153–216 /s). A brief description of the call of L. multiplica is provided below. There are a number of other predominately green, medium-sized Litoria found in New Guinea that could be superficially confused with L. gasconi sp. nov. Litoria wapogaensis and L. christianbergmanni share with L. gasconi sp. nov. distinct white dermal ridges below the vent and extending along the arms and legs. However these species are much smaller (26.9 to 32.9 mm), and the former can be further distinguished by its purplish brown thighs and the latter by its dark brown thighs and golden iris (see Günther 2008). Litoria elkeae and other members of the L. gracilenta and L. aruensis group (sensu Menzies and Tyler 2004) are of similar size, although generally slightly smaller (Menzies and Tyler 2004) and can be spotted, but are readily distinguished by possession of a pale canthal stripe and absence of a prominent white dermal ridge around the vent and on the fore and hindlimbs. Litoria singadanae can be distinguished by it’s transparent tympanic membrane (Richards 2005), Litoria verae by its more extensively developed crenulated fold on the outer edge of the limbs, greenish brown and finely tubercular (vs smooth) dorsum (Günther 2004), and Litoria rubrops by its red eye and lack of a dermal fold below the vent (Kraus and Allison 2004). Frogs of the Litoria graminea group (Litoria dux, Litoria graminea, Litoria huntorum and Litoria sauroni) are predominately green but are easily distinguished by their much larger size (male SVL> 55 mm), and lack of both dorsal spotting and a bilobed dermal ridge below the vent (Richards et al. 2006, Richards and Oliver 2006). Litoria mystax, L. albolabris, L. umarensis and New Guinean members of the Litoria bicolor group (L. bibonius, L. contrastens, L. chloristona, L. eurynastes, L. lodesdema, and L. viranula), are predominantly green but are much smaller than the new species (male SVL <35 mm) and again lack a bilobed dermal ridge below the vent (Tyler 1968, Gunther 2004, Menzies et al. 2008). Distribution and Natural History. Known only from two sites in the vicinity of Marina Valen and Kwerba Villages, in the southern foothills of the Foja Mountain Range, Papua Province, Indonesia (Figure 4). All specimens were collected in relatively undisturbed hill forest on steep ridges between 200 and 500 m a.s.l. (Figure 5). Litoria gasconi sp. nov. was not found at higher elevations despite intensive searches between 1100 m and 1700 m over a 2 -week period, and further searches at similar altitudes over a three week period in 2008. Males were detected by their very soft calls, uttered from large leaves on low shrubs or tree branches between 1 and 6 m above the ground. They were found only along two streams that formed a series of shallow, disconnected pools and seeps. This species was never seen or heard in the vicinity of clear, flowing streams, or around temporary or permanent forest pools. Two other species of Litoria, L. humboldtorum and L c.f. genimaculata, were detected in microsympatry along the same intermittent streams. Etymology. The new species is named for Claude Gascon of Conservation International, in gratitude for his support of our amphibian research in New Guinea, and in recognition of his long involvement in the conservation of amphibians globally.Published as part of Richards, Stephen J., Oliver, Paul M., Krey, Keliopas & Tjaturadi, Burhan, 2009, A new species of Litoria (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from the foothills of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia, pp. 1-13 in Zootaxa 2277 on pages 2-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19112
Scope of Electricity Efficiency Improvement in Switzerland until 2035
No full textThis study uses Markowitz mean-variance portfolio theory with forecasted data for the years 2005 to 2035 to determine efficient electricity generating technology mixes for Switzerland. The SURE procedure has been applied to filter out the systematic components of the covariance matrix. Results indicate that risk-averse electricity users in 2035 gain in terms of higher expected return, less risk, more security of supply and a higher return-to-risk ratio compared to 2000 by adopting a feasible minimum variance (MV) technology mix containing 28 percent Gas, 20 percent Run of river, 13 percent Storage hydro, 9 percent Nuclear, and 5 percent each of Solar, Smallhydro, Wind, Biomass, Incineration, and Biogas respectively. However, this mix comes at the cost of higher CO2 emissions.Efficiency Frontier, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HH), Power Generation, Mean-Variance Portfolio Theory, Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimations (SURE), Shannon-Wiener Index (SW)
Využití sociálních médií v B2B prodeji
No full textTato diplomová práce se zabývá tím, jak mohou B2B obchodníci využívat sociální média v prodeji. Na základě systematické rešerše literatury, autor zjistil, že akademici, zkoumající danou problematiku, navrhují další výzkum, a to: v kterých konkrétních krocích se dají využít sociální média v prodeji (Salo, 2017). Autor se na základě toho rozhodl zjistit, jaké sociální sítě, různé technologie a pluginy se dají využít v B2B prodeji - tzv. social sellingu. Social selling se v této práci týká primárně procesu akvizice a okrajově péčí o stávající zákazníky. Autor si vybral kvalitativní průzkum pomocí 10 hloubkových polo-strukturovaných rozhovorů, aby odhalil jak, která sociální média to jsou, tak i motivaci prodejců, proč tato média používat/nepoužívat. Aby autor dodržel správnost vyhodnocení výsledků, data byla analyzována pomocí Tématické analýzy, která v této studii vykrystalizovala 2 hlavní strategické přístupy v social sellingu. Tyto přístupy (tzv. Push a Pull strategie) obsahují praktické příklady a konkrétní aktivity, které mohou prodejci využívat v každodenní praxi. Tyto výsledky jsou prezentovány s důrazem na praktičnost a jednoduchost implementace. Tvoří proto hlavní přínos autorovo výzkumu. V poslední části autor zmiňuje výzvy a manažerská doporučení, které mohou obchodníci využít v každodenním pracovním životě.This diploma thesis focuses on social media usage in B2B sales. Based on the systematic literature review conducted by the author, he has found out that recent researchers (Salo, 2017) suggest further research in the area of how and in which sales phase should various social networking sites, technologies and plugins used. To further fill this research gap, author decided to identify these social media and their usage among B2B salespeople in the so-called social selling process. The social selling process in this thesis applies mainly to acquiring new prospects and tangentially to taking care of existing clients (follow-up step). Author has chosen a qualitative research method via conducting 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews to reveal these instruments as well as motivation of a sales person on why to use social media in the selling process. The collected data was analyzed using Thematic analysis to ensure the right procedure and to identify main themes which crystalized into 2 main strategic approaches in social selling. These approaches (Push and Pull) include practical examples of concrete activities which sales people can use in their daily jobs and are presented with focus on practicality and ease of implementation. These also form the main contribution of author`s research. In the last part, author mentions challenges in social selling and recommended managerial implications for salesforce
TeX v jednoduchém unixovém prostředí
No full textsummary:Při ladění TeXového dokumentu potřebujeme mnohokrát opakovaně pouštět TeX, podívat se, jak dopadl výsledek v prohlížeči DVI nebo PDF souboru, mrknout na výpis TeXu na terminálu, podívat se případně do logu a celou činnost opakovat. V tomto článku je ukázáno, jak tuto práci dělá autor článku. Proces "editor-TeX-kuk" je zde podporován jednoduchými unixovými nástroji: bashovým skriptem texloop, který si autor pro tyto účely vytvořil, dále terminálem Xterm a jednoduchým editorem, který umí navázat na klávesovou zkratku spuštění příkazu v systému. Čtenář se zde může inspirovat a přizpůsobit tyto nástroje svým vlastním potřebám. V článku je popsána funkce skriptu texloop, dále je neformálně rozveden dlouholetý vývoj autorova vztahu k textovým editorům a konečně je zde uvedena konfigurace terminálu Xterm, aby vyhovoval českému prostředí jak v kódování ISO-8859-2, tak v kódování UTF-8. Pro kódování UTF-8 si v závěru článku vygenerujeme TeXový formát csplain.summary:By debugging a TeX document it is necessary many times repeatedly to run TeX, to look for the result in DVI or PDF file, to gander the TeX output on the terminal, or eventually to have a look in the log-file, and all that action to repeat. In the paper it is show, how this work is made by author. The process '‘'editor-TeX-look' is supported by simple Unix tools: bash script texloop, created by author for these purposes, Xterm terminal and a simple editor, which is able to link to the shortcut key the activation of a system command. The reader could be inspired with the solution and to adapt these tools to his/her own needs. In the paper the function of the texloop script is described, and further the longstanding evolution of the author's relation to text editors is informal elaborated and finally a configuration of Xterm terminal, suitable for the czech environment with both ISO-8859-2 and UTF-8 encoding is introduced. For UTF-8 encoding the TeX format csplain is generated at the end of the paper
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