55,860 research outputs found
Arrenurus (Arrenurus) crassicaudatus Kramer 1875
No full text<i>Arrenurus (Arrenurus) crassicaudatus</i> Kramer, 1875 <p> <i>Arrenurus crassicaudatus</i> Kramer, 1875: Vandel 1919a: 91; Mota¸s & C. Angelier 1927d: 14; Mota¸s 1928e: 28, 1928f: 278, 1928g: 9; C. Angelier 1953: 226; E. Angelier et al. 1963: 465; Smit & Van der Hammen 1992: 55.</p> <p> <i>Micrarrenurus crassicaudatus</i> (Kramer, 1875): Cassagne-MØjean 1966a: 83.</p> <p> New records. <b>Pas-de-Calais</b>: 0/1/0, pond, Les Landes de Blendecques, 50°42’13.21" N 2°16’53.08" E, 19 April 1996, leg. H. Smit & H. van der Hammen; 0/4/0, fish pond, Les Landes de Blendecques, 50°42’13.72" N 2°16’53.52" E, 20 April 1996, leg. H. Smit & H. van der Hammen. <b>Indre</b>: 3/11/0, Étang Prieur, SW of MØobecq, 46°42’48.18" N, 1°23’40.40" E, 7 July 2000, leg. H. van der Hammen; 1/0/0, Étang Nuret, La Brenne, 46°47’30.57" N 1°12’35.98" E, 9 July 2000, leg. H. van der Hammen.</p> <p>Distribution in France: Ain, Doubs, Haute-Loire, Haute-Savoie, Indre, IsŁre, Jura, Pas-de-Calais, Puyde-Dôme, Savoie, Tarn.</p>Published as part of <i>Smit, H. & Gerecke, R., 2010, A CHECKLIST OF THE WATER MITES OF FRANCE (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDIA) Harry S and Reinhard G, pp. 21-91 in Acarologia 50 (1)</i> on page 76, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20101952, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5392293">http://zenodo.org/record/5392293</a>
A 2 h periodic variation in the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1
No full textSpectroscopy of the low-mass X-ray binary Ser X-1 using the Gran Telescopio Canarias have revealed a ?2 h periodic variability that is present in the three strongest emission lines. We tentatively interpret this variability as due to orbital motion, making it the first indication of the orbital period of Ser X-1. Together with the fact that the emission lines are remarkably narrow, but still resolved, we show that a main-sequence K dwarf together with a canonical 1.4 M? neutron star gives a good description of the system. In this scenario, the most likely place for the emission lines to arise is the accretion disc, instead of a localized region in the binary (such as the irradiated surface or the stream-impact point), and their narrowness is due instead to the low inclination (?10°) of Ser X-1
Is heart rate variability an objective parameter with which to manage treatment of infants with heart failure due to left-to-right shunting?
No full textTreatment in heart failure could be guided by additional non-clinical measures, such as neurohumoral levels. Variability in heart rate is known to reflect neurohumoral stimulation. With this in mind, we sought to assess retrospectively the variability in heart rate to guide the treatment of infants in heart failure. We analysed retrospectively the data from 20 infants with a significant left-to-right shunt. All were unsuitable for cardiac surgery or interventional therapy at the time the treatment had commenced. None of the infants improved while receiving diuretics, spironolactone, and digoxin alone, but improved after the addition of propanolol or metoprolol. None of the infants had problems during or after the subsequent operation. Parasympathetic activity reflected by parameters of variability in heart rate, such as the square root of adjacent RR-intervals, and the amount of adjacent RR-Intervals greater than 50 milliseconds, improved in nearly all infants during beta blockade. On the other hand, parameters of variability in heart rate reflecting sympathetic activity did not change. Parasympathetic activity reflected the clinical state of nearly all the infants. These parameters, therefore, seem to be a good non-clinical parameter, showing the optimal treatment for heart failure in an ambulatory setting
Aturus scaber subsp. scaber Kramer 1875
No full text<i>Aturus scaber scaber</i> Kramer, 1875 <p> <i>Aturus scaber</i> Kramer, 1875: Hubault 1927: 104; Mota¸s 1926b: 411, 1927b: 3, 1928e: 4, 1928f: 230; Mota¸s & C. Angelier 1927d: 12; C. Angelier 1931: 40, 1951b: 74; K. Viets 1939a: 2; Lundblad 1956a: 2; E. Angelier 1957a: 27, 196: 105; Nicolau-Guillaumet 1959: 237; Schwoerbel 1959a: 15, 1965: 477; E. Angelier et al. 1963: 464; Mota¸s & C. Angelier 1967: 17; M.-L. Angelier 1980: 14; E. Angelier et al. 1985: 31; Vinçon 1987: 240.</p> <p> New recordss. <b>ArdŁche</b>: 0/1/0, l’ArdŁche RiviŁre at Balazuc, 44°30.692 N 4°22.869 E, 29 April 2003, leg. H. Smit; 1/2/0, La Drobie RiviŁre, NW of Ribes, 44°32.256 N 4°03.364 E, 1 May 2003, leg. H. Smit. <b>Gard</b>: 0/2/0, Le TrŁvezet RiviŁre, between l’Esperou and Meyrueis, 44°06.497 N 3°29.049 E, alt. 1115 m a.s.l., 16 May 2005, leg. H. Smit. <b>Cantal</b>: 0/1/0, La CŁre at St. Jacques-des-Blats, 45°03.159 N 2°42.777 E, alt. 967 m a.s.l., 16 May 2005, leg. H. Smit. <b>Puy-de-Dôme</b>: 0/1/0, La Planchette at Jassat, S of Murol, 45°33.716 N 2°56.339 E, alt. 894 m a.s.l., 20 May 2005, leg. H. Smit.</p> <p>Distribution in France: ArdŁche, Cantal, Gard, Gers, Haut-Rhin, IsŁre, Loire, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Puy-de-Dôme, PyrØnØes (AriŁge, PyrØnØes-Atlantiques, PyrØnØes-Orientales, Hautes-PyrØnØes), Savoie, Tarn, Val-de-Marne.</p>Published as part of <i>Smit, H. & Gerecke, R., 2010, A CHECKLIST OF THE WATER MITES OF FRANCE (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDIA) Harry S and Reinhard G, pp. 21-91 in Acarologia 50 (1)</i> on page 70, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20101952, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5392293">http://zenodo.org/record/5392293</a>
Marcusenius multisquamatus Kramer & Wink 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Marcusenius multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figure 4E)</p> <i>Type specimens</i> <p> Holotype: SAIAB 78781 (field no. KUNE24), live SL 20.9 cm, fixed SL 20.2 cm, fixed TL 22.9 cm, male, Namibia: Cunene River: Epupa Falls, Hot Springs Campsite, estimated 300 m upstream from the Falls, 17 ◦ 00 ′ 07 ′′ S, 13 ◦ 14 ′ 57 ′′ E, about 600 m altitude, 15 August 2006, coll. E. Swartz, B. Kramer and L. da Costa at ≤ 1.5 m water depth. Paratypes: SAIAB 78780 (2), SAIAB78792; ZSM 38526 (2), ZSM 38527 (2), size range 10.1–20.2 cm SL, Namibia: Cunene River: Epupa Falls, Hot Springs Campsite, estimated 300 m upstream from the Falls, 17 ◦ 00 ′ 07 ′′ S, 13 ◦ 14 ′ 57 ′′ E, about 600 m altitude, coll. E. Swartz, B. Kramer, and L. da Costa at ≤ 1.5 m water depth, Cunene River water at Hot Springs: Saturday, 12 August 2006, 12.50 h: 19.9 ◦ C, 48 µS cm−1, from 11 Augure 2006– 17 August 2006.</p> <p> <i>Non-types</i>. SAIAB 78785 (2), SAIAB 78789 (2), ZSM 38528, ZSM 38529 (2), size range 11.6–15.4 cm SL (live), Ruacana Falls, Hippo Pool Campsite, just below the Falls, 17 ◦ 24 ′ 24 ′′ S, 14 ◦ 13’01” E, about 800 m altitude, coll. E. Swartz and B. Kramer, at ≤ 1.5 m water depth, Cunene River water at Hippo Pool: Saturday, 19 August 2004, 10.00 h: 21.1 ◦ C, 45.8 µS cm−1; 20 August 2006, 10.00 h, 19.8 ◦ C, 45.4 µS cm−1; 21 August, 10.18 h, 19.4 ◦ C, 44.2 µS cm−1; from 18 August 2006 to 23 August 2006.</p> <p> ZSM 41761 (11), specimens R1 – R11, from the Cunene River mouth, 17 ◦ 15.606 ′ S, 11 ◦ 45.892 ′ E, altitude 2 m, 15 December 2009, coll. F.H. van der Bank; ZSM 41762 (2), specimens 49 and 49, 17 ◦ 16.325 ′ S, 11 ◦ 47.177 ′ E, 8 November 2010, coll. S. Voges; ZSM 41765, specimen C113, same place, 17 January 2011, coll. S. Voges; ZSM 41763, specimen Ü7, same place, 13 July 2011, coll. S. Voges; ZSM 41764 (9), specimens Ä110–Ä118, same place, 22 November 2011, coll. S. Voges. The specimens from the Cunene mouth were not studied for EOD.</p> <p> Samples examined for genetics. DNA samples are stored at the Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University (IPMB). IPMB 57459–57469, Namibia: Cunene River Mouth, 17 ◦ 15.606’ S, 11 ◦ 45.892’ E, coll. F.H. van der Bank, 15 December 2009;</p> <p> IPMB 43971–43974, Namibia: Cunene River: Epupa Falls, 17 ◦ 00’07” S, 13 ◦ 14’57” E, coll. E. Swartz and B. Kramer, 14 August 2006, 17 ◦ 00’07” S, E 013 ◦ 14’57” E; IPMB 43975–43978, as before, but 15 August 2006; IPMB 43993, as before, but 17 August 2006;</p> <p> IPMB 43980, Namibia: Cunene River: Ruacana Falls, 17 ◦ 24’24” S, 014 ◦ 13’01” E, coll. E. Swartz and B. Kramer, 19 August 2006; IPMB 43986, 43988, as before, but 21 August 2006; IPMB 43990, as before, but 22 August 2006; GenBank accession numbers: (KC 202227 - KC202230; KC202238 - KC 202258).</p> <i>Type locality</i> <p>Cunene River just above the Epupa Falls (Angolan/Namibian border, locality no. 9 on Figure 1.</p> <i>Diagnosis</i> <p>Body moderately long, prominent mobile and forward-extending mental lobe on lower jaw, median fins set well back with dorsal fin shorter than and originating behind anal fin, depth of caudal peduncle 38% (34–43%) of its length, 24 (23–25) dorsal fin rays, 30 (28–31) anal fin rays, 59 (56–64) scales in lateral series, 13 (12–16) scales around caudal peduncle, HL (head length) 20% (19–21%) of SL, BD (body depth) 29% (27–32%) of SL, LD (dorsal fin length) 19.4% (18.1–22.3%) of SL, LSo (length of snout) 48% (45–50%) HL, LA (anal fin length) 24.2% (22.7–25.3%) of SL, CPL (length of caudal peduncle) 18.3% (16.3–19.9%) of SL. (See also Remarks.)</p> <i>Description</i> <p> Head with terminal mouth well in front of eye, mental lobe on lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw. Head and body dorsolaterally compressed. Dorsal fin situated about two-thirds of standard length from snout, obliquely oriented, anteriorly higher and posteriorly lower, distal margin sometimes only slightly crescent-shaped with anterior two or three rays longer than posterior rays, number of rays 23 (<i>n</i> = 5), 24 (<i>n</i> = 4), 25 (<i>n</i> = 6); anal fin opposite dorsal fin with distinctly more anterior origin, obliquely oriented, anteriorly lower and posteriorly higher, anterior rays longer than posterior ones, especially in males where they also appear stronger and often darkened, distal margin crescent-shaped (in males only posterior to rounded, elongated anterior part of fin), number of rays 28 (<i>n</i> = 1), 29 (<i>n</i> = 4), 30 (<i>n</i> = 7), 31 (<i>n</i> = 3). Scales cycloid with reticulate striae, scales extending anteriorly to operculum and pectoral fins (beyond pelvic fins). Scales on caudal peduncle circumference, 12 (<i>n</i> = 5), 13 (<i>n</i> = 4), 14 (<i>n</i> = 5), 16 (<i>n</i> = 1) Caudal peduncle relatively deep, subcylindrical entire length, usually 18.3% (16.3–19.9%) in SL (Table A1, in Appendix A). Electric organ discharge biphasic with weak pre-potential (Figure 5). Males approaching sexual maturity develop a kink in the base of the anal fin (e.g. Figure 4C) that is absent in juveniles and females where the anal fin base is straight. Colour in life: brownish grey with many distinct dark-brown blotches, except on head and belly, purple hue depending on the angle of light incidence, paired fins light and transparent.</p> <i>Colour in preservation</i> <p>Medium brown, with darker, irregular blotches.</p> <i>Ecology</i> <p>The Cunene is a major, perennial and independent river that arises from the Angolan central highlands of Bié and flows southward towards the Namibian border, shortly before it turns west and breaches the coastal mountain ranges (Zebra and Baynes Mountains) to drain into the Atlantic. In the section between Ruacana Falls and Epupa Falls, water level was regulated by a hydroelectric company (NamPower) at Ruacana Falls. The Ruacana Falls were bare rock and completely dry, apparently because the water dammed above Ruacana Falls (Calueque Dam) was all fed into the hydroelectric power turbines. When the water level below the dam was kept high, fishing with gill nets and other methods generally proved unproductive. The Epupa Falls consist of a main fall with many lesser falls beside this over a wide front, and mormyrid EODs were demonstrated with an electro-acoustic, custom-built “fish detector” also below the Falls although the fish were not caught. Although we were warned of a high incidence of crocodiles we saw only a few, and no hippopotami. River borders were covered mainly by dense semi-aquatic shrubs at Epupa Falls, and dense reed beds also with shrubs at Ruacana Falls. Palm trees (Makalani palms) were common at Epupa, much less so at Ruacana where dicotyledonous trees dominated.</p> <i>Distribution</i> <p>At present known only from the lower Cunene River, from just below Ruacana Falls to the Cunene mouth. This river section forms the Angolan/Namibian border.</p> <i>Relationships</i> <p> Closest relationships are assumed with <i>M. altisambesi</i> to the east of <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. on the basis of morphological similarity, EODs and genetics.</p> <i>Etymology</i> <p> <i>Marcusenius multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. refers to the highest number of lateral line scales among the different forms of southern African bulldog fish (excluding the three Mossamedes / Cunene specimens (BMNH 1907.6.29.231–233) from any location on the Cunene up to 300 km north of the Angolan/Namibian border).</p> <i>Remarks</i> <p> Compared with the <i>M. angolensis</i> holotype, <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. specimens had lower counts in nD, no. of dorsal fin rays (maximum, 25 in the latter versus 26 in the former, that is, no overlap) and nA, number of anal fin rays (maximum, 31 versus 33), shorter LA, anal fin length (maximum, 0.253 versus 0.258 of SL) and PDL, predorsal length (maximum, 0.665 versus 0.674 of SL), smaller ratio HL/Na, head length/separation of nares (maximum, 15.52 versus 15.96), but a greater BD, body depth (minimum 0.271 versus 0.266 of SL).</p> <p> When compared with the other <i>Marcusenius</i> species within the Okavango – Kwando– Zambezi System, <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. is characterized by a specific morphology and EOD in multivariate analysis, specific bands in genomic ISSR fingerprinting, and as a monophyletic taxon in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome <i>b</i> analysis. To identify a specimen in hand it is best to rely on several characters in combination to exclude mistakes due to outliers. The 90th percentile of the distribution of HL (measured as HL/SL, head length to standard length) of <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. specimens, is shorter than the 10th percentile for <i>M. macrolepidotus</i> (together with <i>M. angolensis</i>, shortest HL of all). The BD/SL ratio (body depth to standard length) of <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. overlaps with that of <i>M. macrolepidotus</i> by less than one quartile; the same holds true for the distributions of nA (no. of anal fin rays), nD (no. of dorsal fin rays), LD/SL (ratio of dorsal fin length to standard length) in which the means or medians are greater for <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov., and SPc, number of scales around caudal peduncle in which the median for <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. is smaller. The EOD of <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. has a leading head-negativity of miniature amplitude that is usually not present in the <i>M. macrolepidotus</i> EOD. <i>Marcusenius multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. and <i>M. macrolepidotus</i> are clearly differentiated in ISSR bands 2, 6 and 8 (Table 4).</p> <p> There is less than a 10% overlap of distributions between the greater LSo/HL (length of snout to head length) of <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. specimens compared with that of <i>M. altisambesi</i> from the Upper Zambezi, and less than 25% overlap for <i>M. altisambesi</i> from the Okavango. Also, there is less than one quartile overlap for LA/SL (anal fin length to SL), LSc/HL (length of snout to head length) and CL/HL (chin length to head length) of <i>M. altisambesi</i> from the Upper Zambezi compared with <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. and less than one quartile overlap for lower SLS (no. of lateral line scales) of <i>M. altisambesi</i> from the Okavango compared with <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. Okavango bulldog fish are distinguished by an SPc (no. of scales around caudal peduncle) of exclusively 12 (median 12, same median for Upper Zambezi bulldog fish) whereas SPc ranges from 12–16 in <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. (median, 13). ISSR band 2 is specific for <i>M. multisquamatus</i> sp. nov. and band 6 for <i>M. altisambesi.</i></p>Published as part of <i>Kramer, Bernd & Wink, Michael, 2013, East-west differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in Southern Africa: the description of a new species for the lower Cunene River, Namibia (Teleostei: Mormyridae), pp. 2327-2362 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (35 - 36)</i> on pages 2339-2343, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.798699, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5197590">http://zenodo.org/record/5197590</a>
Freedom: A Philosophical Anthology
No full textContents:
Preface.
Acknowledgements.
General Introduction.
Part I. Negative and Positive Freedom.
Introduction.
1. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651).
2. Jeremy Bentham, Of Laws in General (1782).
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762).
4. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals (1797).
5. Benjamin Constant, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with That of the Moderns (1819).
6. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (1821).
7. Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question (1844).
8. Thomas Hill Green, Of the Different Senses of “Freedom” as Applied to Will and to the Moral Progress of Man and Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligations (1882).
9. Guido De Ruggiero, The History of European Liberalism (1925).
10. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (1969).
11. J.P. Day, On Liberty and the Real Will (1970).
12. Gerald C. MacCallum, Jr., Negative and Positive Freedom (1967).
13. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971).
Part II. Freedom, Government and Arbitrary Power.
Introduction.
14. Nicolò Machiavelli, Discourses (1531).
15. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651).
16. James Harrington, The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656).
17. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1690).
18. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748).
19. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (1969).
20. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960).
21. Philip Pettit, Republicanism (1997).
22. Quentin Skinner, Liberty before Liberalism (1998).
Part III. Freedom and the Mind.
Introduction.
23. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651).
24. J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859).
25. Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (1969).
26. J. P. Day, On Liberty and the Real Will (1987).
27. John Gray, On Negative and Positive Liberty (1980).
28. Richard J. Arneson, Freedom and Desire (1985).
29. John Christman, Liberalism and Individual Positive Freedom (1991).
30. Charles Taylor, What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty (1979).
31. Christopher Megone, One Concept of Liberty (1987).
32. Richard Flathman, The Philosophy and Politics of Freedom (1987).
33. Matthew H. Kramer, The Quality of Freedom (2003).
Part IV. Freedom and Morality.
Introduction.
34. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (1690).
35. Felix E. Oppenheim, Political Concepts (1981).
36. William E. Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse (1993).
37. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974).
38. G. A. Cohen, Illusions about Private Property and Freedom (1981).
39. S. I. Benn and W. L. Weinstein, Being Free to Act, and Being a Free Man (1971).
40. David Miller, Constraints on Freedom (1983).
41. Felix E. Oppenheim, Constraints on Freedom as a Descriptive Concept (1985).
42. David Miller, Reply to Oppenheim (1985).
43. Kristján Kristjánsson, Social Freedom (1996).
44. Richard Flathman, The Philosophy and Politics of Freedom (1987).
45. Hillel Steiner, An Essay on Rights (1994).
46. Matthew H. Kramer, The Quality of Freedom (2003).
Part V. Coercion.
Introduction.
47. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960).
48. Robert Nozick, Coercion (1969).
49. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974).
50. G. A. Cohen, Self-ownership, Freedom and Equality (1995).
51. Hillel Steiner, An Essay on Rights (1994).
52. Christine Swanton, Freedom. A Coherence Theory (1992).
53. David Zimmerman, Coercive Wage Offers (1981).
54. Michael J. Gorr, Coercion, Freedom and Exploitation (1989).
55. Alan Wertheimer, Coercion (1987).
56. Serena Olsaretti, Liberty, Desert and the Market (2004).
Part VI. Autonomy.
Introduction.
57. Stanley I. Benn, A Theory of Freedom (1988).
58. Gerald Dworkin, The Theory and Practice of Autonomy (1988).
59. Onora O’Neill, Autonomy, Coherence and Independence (1992).
60. Janice Moulton and Francine Rainone, Women's Work and Sex Roles (1984).
61. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology (1846).
Part VII. Freedom, Ability and Economic Inequality.
Introduction.
62. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960).
63. Bruno Leoni, Freedom and the Law (1961).
64. Murray Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty (1982).
65. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971).
66. Philippe Van Parijs, Real Freedom for All (1995).
67. G. A. Cohen, Self-ownership, Freedom and Equality (1995).
68. Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined (1992).
Part VIII. Liberalism and the Value of Freedom.
Introduction.
69. J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859).
70. J. S. Mill, On Liberty (1859).
71. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (1957).
72. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (1960).
73. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty (1969).
74. John Rawls, Justice as Fairness. A Restatement (2001).
75. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (1986).
76. Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined (1992).
77. Thomas Hurka, Why Value Autonomy? (1987).
78. Joel Feinberg, The Interest in Liberty on the Scales (1978).
79. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (1977).
80. Ian Carter, A Measure of Freedom (1999).
Part IX. The Measurement of Freedom.
Introduction.
81. Hillel Steiner, How Free: Computing Personal Liberty (1983).
82. Ian Carter, A Measure of Freedom (1999).
83. Prasanta Pattanaik and Yongsheng Xu, On Ranking Opportunity Sets in Terms of Freedom of Choice (1990).
84. Amartya Sen, Welfare, Freedom and Social Choice. A Reply (1990).
85. Robert Sugden, The Metric of Opportunity (1998).
86. Martin van Hees, Legal Reductionism and Freedom (2000).
Additional Writings.
Index
Review and hypothesis: a potential common link between glial cells, calcium changes, modulation of synaptic transmission, spreading depression, migraine, and epilepsy—H+
No full textThere is significant evidence to support the notion that glial cells can modulate the strength of synaptic connections between nerve cells, and it has further been suggested that alterations in intracellular calcium are likely to play a key role in this process. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which glial cells modulate neuronal signaling remains contentiously debated. Recent experiments have suggested that alterations in extracellular H+ efflux initiated by extracellular ATP may play a key role in the modulation of synaptic strength by radial glial cells in the retina and astrocytes throughout the brain. ATP-elicited alterations in H+ flux from radial glial cells were first detected from Müller cells enzymatically dissociated from the retina of tiger salamander using self-referencing H+-selective microelectrodes. The ATP-elicited alteration in H+ efflux was further found to be highly evolutionarily conserved, extending to Müller cells isolated from species as diverse as lamprey, skate, rat, mouse, monkey and human. More recently, self-referencing H+-selective electrodes have been used to detect ATP-elicited alterations in H+ efflux around individual mammalian astrocytes from the cortex and hippocampus. Tied to increases in intracellular calcium, these ATP-induced extracellular acidifications are well-positioned to be key mediators of synaptic modulation. In this article, we examine the evidence supporting H+ as a key modulator of neurotransmission, review data showing that extracellular ATP elicits an increase in H+ efflux from glial cells, and describe the potential signal transduction pathways involved in glial cell—mediated H+ efflux. We then examine the potential role that extracellular H+ released by glia might play in regulating synaptic transmission within the vertebrate retina, and then expand the focus to discuss potential roles in spreading depression, migraine, epilepsy, and alterations in brain rhythms, and suggest that alterations in extracellular H+ may be a unifying feature linking these disparate phenomena
Efficient p-Multigrid Based Solvers for Isogeometric Analysis on Multipatch Geometries
No full textIsogeometric Analysis can be considered as the natural extension of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to higher-order spline based discretizations simplifying the treatment of complex geometries with curved boundaries. Finding a solution of the resulting linear systems of equations efficiently remains, however, a challenging task. Recently, p-multigrid methods have been considered [18], in which a multigrid hierarchy is constructed based on different approximation orders p instead of mesh widths h as it would be the case in classical h-multigrid schemes [8]. The use of an Incomplete LU-factorization as a smoother within the p-multigrid method has shown to lead to convergence rates independent of both h and p for single patch geometries [19]. In this paper, the focus lies on the application of the aforementioned p-multigrid method on multipatch geometries having a C0-continuous coupling between the patches. The use of ILUT as a smoother within p-multigrid methods leads to convergence rates that are essentially independent of h and p, but depend mildly on the number of patches.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Numerical Analysi
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