15 research outputs found
Socio-demographic, cognitive status and comorbidity determinants of catastrophic health expenditure among elderly in Malaysia
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Economic burden of dementia and healthcare costs of demented elderly in Malaysia
No full textWorldwide, the ageing population is one of the phenomena that cannot be
dismissed because of its great social, economic and cultural challenges to
individuals, families and societies. The physical and mental health of the
elderly should be society’s main concern. The World Health Organisation
(WHO) stated that 23% of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) are
associated with older people. One of the leading contributors to mental and
neurological disorders is dementia. The Alzheimer Disease Report stated that
the global costs of treating dementia increased from USD604 billion in 2010
to USD818 billion in 2015, which represents 1.09% of global GDP. These costs
are expected to reach USD1 trillion in 2018 and to double by 2030. Malaysia
is no exception to this trend and is also experiencing the same phenomenon
with the number of the elderly increasing and the prevalence of dementia is
expected to rise. The specific objectives of this study are first, to estimate the
direct and indirect costs incurred by the elderly with dementia both in the
community and institutional settings in Malaysia; and secondly, to examine
the economic burden of dementia both on individual and national income
bases. The third objective is to investigate the determinants of the total
healthcare costs for dementia patients. Using a multi-stage sampling design,
this study investigated 2274 elderly from four states in Malaysia which have
the highest number of adults aged 60 years and above, namely Johor (South
Region), Kelantan (East Region), Perak (North Region) and Selangor (Central
Region). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was used to
measure the cognitive capability among the elderly. Only the elderly with a
score of less than 19 marks were selected for further analysis. They were organised into three categories: mild dementia, moderate dementia or severe
dementia. The Cost of Illness (CoI) approach was used to analyse the direct
and indirect costs from the community setting. The step-down approach made
use of the Clinical Cost Modelling (CCM) Software version 3.0 to estimate the
provider costs from an institutional setting. The results revealed that the
prevalence of dementia is 17.8%. For each individual, the annual direct and
indirect costs are RM12,613, RM14,635 and RM18,730 for mild, moderate and
severe cases, respectively. The highest direct cost incurred by the demented
elderly as outpatients according to the referred disease is cancer and as
inpatients, it is vision problems. For the indirect costs, heart disease is the
highest contributor to the cost regardless of whether the demented elderly are
outpatients or inpatients. The highest direct cost and indirect cost according
to the facilities referred to is when the demented elderly used private medical
facilities as outpatients, and government facilities as inpatients respectively.
This study also estimates that the total economic burden of dementia was
around RM8 billion in 2014, and it represents 0.72% of the Malaysian GDP. In
terms of the economic burden to the elderly individually, the study indicates
that only 1.2% of the elderly with dementia bear the burden of huge
expenditure whereby their out-of-pocket health expenditure exceeded 10% of
the household income. Using a two-part model, it was found that household
income and education level influence the healthcare cost with a positive
relationship. However, age influences healthcare costs with a negative
relationship. The number of diseases, the frequency of healthcare visits and
admissions also affect healthcare cost. This shows that the demented elderly
spend more money on healthcare facilities not because they are old, but
because they are suffering from diseases. It is hoped that this study will rise
up the issues of dementia as a priority in public health and social care in
Malaysia. Appropriate actions to prevent dementia and other diseases are
needed to ensure good physical and mental health of the elderly population.
Financial assistance is essential to avoid the elderly from experiencing
catastrophic health expenditure. The main impact of this study is the hope
that the economic burden and the healthcare costs among the demented
elderly in Malaysia could be minimised. Subsequently, the national vision to
generate healthy, successful and productive ageing can be better achieved
Bond yield spreads and short-term interest rate movements
No full textThe information content of the short end of the term structure depends on the stance of monetary policy. Based on the findings of several authors such as Simon (1990) and Hardouvelis (1988) the bond spreads can predict future short-term rate movements. Hence, we use monthly observations from 1997 to 2000 on inter-bank rate, treasury bill rates, government bond rates and corporate blond rates to better understand the relationship between the predictive power of the term structure and the stance of monetary policy
TEKANAN KERJA DAN KOS KESIHATAN MEMPENGARUHI KEBAHAGIAAN STAF UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU
No full textKebahagiaan adalah rasa kesejahteraan, kegembiraan atau kepuasan yang boleh membawa kepada satu bentuk emosi yang positif dalam diri seseorang pekerja. Namun kebahagiaan akan merosot akibat daripada tekanan kerja dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan kesihatan. Kebanyakan pekerja tidak menyedari akan bahaya tekanan kerja yang pada akhirnya akan mengakibatkan kemerosotan kesihatan. Kajian ini dijalankan adalah bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti status kebahagiaan dan tekanan yang dihadapi oleh staf Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) serta mengukur kos kesihatan yang terpaksa ditanggung oleh mereka. Seramai 100 orang staf UMT, di mana 50 orang staf daripada bahagian akademik dan 50 orang staf daripada bukan akademik telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Satu set soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen kajian. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian SPSS versi 20.0. Secara keseluruhannya, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor tekanan kerja dan kebahagiaan. Majoriti staf UMT menyatakan bahawa mereka bahagia ketika berada di tempat kerja iaitu sebanyak 78 peratus. Jumlah kos langsung perbelanjaan kesihatan yang terpaksa ditanggung oleh responden adalah RM2,220, manakala jumlah kos tidak langsung pula adalah RM1,4376.41. Antara kes tertinggi yang dirujuk ke pusat rawatan adalah berkaitan dengan tekanan darah tinggi. Oleh itu, kesedaran dalam kalangan pekerja dari segi cara mengawal tekanan mereka adalah penting untuk mencapai kesihatan yang baik seterusnya merasa bahagia apabila membuat kerja.</jats:p
The Impact of the Elderly Population, Life Expectancy and Economic Growth towards Health Spending in Malaysia
No full textWorld Health Organization has been categorized the old population is divided into four stages of middle age (45-59 years old), old age (60-74 years old), oldest age (75-90 years old) and very oldest age (90 years old above). Therefore, the elderly are to indicate individuals aged 60 years and above. There are several factors that cause the increase in the elderly such as decreased fertility and mortality, the improvement of technology towards medicine and the level of education. Elderly rates showed an increase from 1990 to 2010 of 5.7 percent to 7.5 percent. For the year 2020 the number of elderly is estimated to reach 3 million, up to 10 percent of the estimated 32 million population. The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between the old population, life expectancy and economic growth on health spending in Malaysia. This study is used annual time series data from 1985 to 2015 with four variables; health spending as dependent variable; old populations, life expectancy and economic growth as independent variables. To investigate the relationship between these variables, the Autoregressive Distribution Lag Model (ARDL) is used consisting of co-integration tests and other statistical tests such as Unit Root test, CUSUM and CUSUM Square tests. This study found that there have long-run and short-run relationship between old population, life expectancy and economic growth on health spending in Malaysia. The CUSUM and CUSUM Square tests are show a stable model. In conclusion, when the elderly are still healthy, they can actually become a state asset and can contribute to national income
Introducing a Local Fee: Exploring Tourists' Preferences for Beach Improvements in Terengganu, Malaysia
No full textTourists are naturally attracted to picturesque landscapes, clean water, and aesthetically pleasing environments. Beach improvements and well-maintained beaches are vital for attracting tourists and boosting the tourism sector. This study investigates tourists' preferences and their Willingness to Pay (WTP) for beach improvements at Miami Beach, Terengganu, Malaysia, using a face-to-face survey of 277 tourists. The study examines four beach attributes (cleanliness, facilities, aesthetics, and local fees) through a Choice Experiment (CE) method. Findings reveal that tourists place the highest Marginal WTP (MWTP) value on the "facilities Level 3" attribute, with a calculated WTP of MYR14.179 (USD2.97). The results indicate that tourists value improved facilities the most, followed by cleanliness, and aesthetics, highlighting their strong preference for improved infrastructure. These insights are crucial for policymakers and governments to prioritize resource allocation and formulate policies that align with public values, thereby promoting sustainable tourism development. The study underscores the potential of introducing a local fee to fund these improvements, supporting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and community well-being, in alignment with multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Time-Use and Mental Health in Older Adults: A Scoping Review
No full textTime-use of older adults can be different than in earlier life, especially during the transition from pre- to post-retirement or after experiencing major life events, and the changes could affect their mental health. However, the extent and nature of such research in gerontology have not been examined to date. Therefore, this scoping review sought to map the literature on time-use and mental health in the older population to examine the extent and nature of those research activities. A scoping review was conducted using four databases—PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and EMBASE according to PRISMA guidelines. Data were extracted using a pretested tool to develop a descriptive analysis and thematic summary. A total of 11 articles met the eligibility criteria. Seven out of 11 studies involved cross-sectional design, while the remainder were longitudinal studies. The longitudinal studies mainly were secondary data analysis. Time-use data were mainly collected using daily diaries, and the most common mental health outcome included was depression. Only two studies did not evaluate the direct relationship between time-use and mental health. Our review has revealed studies evaluating time-use and mental health in older adults. Limitations of review and recommendations for future studies are discussed
Survey dataset on socioeconomic status and artificial reef fishing activity on Terengganu coastal water
No full textAn artificial reef (AR) programme is being undertaken by the local fisheries authority in Terengganu, Malaysia, in an effort to mitigate the depletion of fish stocks in the coastal zone. This program is intended to protect inshore fishery habitats from trawls to increase fishery resources and improve the economic conditions of artisanal fishing communities. This article aims to present data on fishers’ demographic characteristics and artificial reef fishing activity on Terengganu coastal water. Primary data were collected using stratified sampling that involved 430 respondents from four fishing communities in Terengganu, namely Setiu, Marang, Dungun and Kemaman. The dataset was obtained through a self-structured questionnaire. Data analysis and summary are presented using tables and figures. The findings provide valuable feedback on the socio-economic impact and economic value of artificial reefs to the fishermen and can be useful for policymakers to prevent the over-exploitation of fishery resources in Malaysian marine territories
Relationship between financial well‐being, life satisfaction, and cognitive function among low‐income community‐dwelling older adults: the moderating role of sex
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