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Father Identity Development among Youth Invovled in the Juvenile Justice System
Full text linkThis dissertation is a constructivist grounded theory study of adolescent fathers who are involved in the juvenile justice system. The aim of the research was to identify factors that influence the development of an identity and role as a father among expectant and teen fathers involved with the justice system. Nineteen youth were recruited from a juvenile detention facility and a school district in a county with a high teen birth rate. Participants were incarcerated, supervised by juvenile probation, had a history of arrest or self-reported criminal behaviors. Observations were conducted to gather data about relations in the detention facility. Youth participated in individual interviews that took place in the detention center, school, or community. Observational and interview data were analyzed using constant comparative and dimensional analysis to construct a grounded theoretical perspective of the process of father identity development. Thirty analytic codes were considered to determine those most central to the process. Findings indicated that 1) adolescent fathers involved in the justice system can be assigned to one of four fluid categories --those who embrace fatherhood, those who are barred from fatherhood, those who are ambivalent about fatherhood, and those who reject fatherhood; 2) masculinity plays a prominent role in father identity development--many fathers hope for a boy and look forward to making a son into a man. Study findings suggest that nurses and other healthcare providers who work with youth in the juvenile justice system are in an opportune position to identify boys who are expecting or parenting a child. Expectant and teen fathers who embrace the father role can be supported to co-parent successfully in order to remain engaged. Those fathers who are barred, ambivalent or rejecting can be supported to reduce the barriers that interfere with father involvement among teens. The findings also indicate that teen father engagement, especially with daughters, might be improved if interventions were sensitized by gender. Youth who are young fathers and involved in the justice system would benefit from education about positive parenting practices, particularly those that challenge the highly masculinized and limited view of the father identity and role
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Life-course stress, preterm birth and African American women
Full text linkThis dissertation is a qualitative study of African American (AA) women and their experiences of life-course stress. In depth interviews were conducted with 25 women, half of whom delivered preterm. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with dimensional analysis grounded theory method. An overall conceptualization of life-course stress was developed. The context of stress included personal identifiers, social and physical geographies and individual perspective. Conditions of stress included relationships, traumatic events, financial strains, daily activities and interactions with "The System". The most pertinent conditions reported were child abuse and neglect, living with substance abusing parents, separation from family members through death or placement in foster care and traumatic events such as rape, kidnapping and murders. The trigger of stress was not important in isolation. Each woman was embedded in the context of her life and experienced circumstances differently. Experiencing stress included cognitive, affective (fear, anger, shame and sadness) and physical dimensions. The roles of powerlessness, threat to social self and positions within hierarchies were explored. Coping, through constructive and destructive means, was integral to the stress experience. Consequences included choices made, conscious and unconscious burdens. The lasting effects included increased resiliency, an intensified stress experience, or lingering conscious or unconscious stress burdens. Several intensifiers of the stress experience were identified including social isolation, a limited perspective, magnitude and multiplicity of stressors. Resiliency was characterized by personal strength, perseverance, optimism and peace. Preterm and fullterm birth groups were compared for differences in life-course stress experiences; the most pronounced being the magnitude of the stressors, the social and physical geographies of women's lives, and position within macro- and micro- social hierarchies. These factors may be of particular concern when examining women's life-course trajectories. The data demonstrate how life-course stress may impact reproductive outcomes. It provides insight into the stress experience of AA women and demonstrates the dynamic relationship between stress, intensifiers, coping and women's resiliency. The findings address why previous assessment of reported stress and preterm birth has not been effective and give an evidence-based foundation to build on for future assessment of stress and preterm birth in AA women
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Occupational Injury, Employment Experiences and Inner City Emerging Adults
Full text linkAbstractBACKGROUND: Work-related injury is a substantial public health problem among emerging adult workers (EAWs) with inordinate physical, emotional, economic, and social costs. Little is known about the relationships between work-injury, employment experience, life health risks (LHRs) or the developmental and social context of EAWs. Even less is known about the employment needs for low socioeconomic status (LSES) EAWs with heightened vulnerabilities due to the multidimensional disadvantages of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to describe LSES EAWs in an urban area and to explore factors associated with work-related injury. Factors included sociodemographic characteristics, ACEs, positive youth developmental (PYD) assets, LHRs, and employment experience. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, using a convenience sample (n = 134, 88% response rate) was conducted using primary data collection (interviews) and secondary data from electronic health records. A pilot study (n = 7) was used to test instruments and questionnaire wording. FINDINGS: Fifty-one percent reported work-related injuries, and 43% reported health problems made worse by work. Multivariable, simultaneous, logistic regression revealed the following predictors of work injury: having higher ACE scores (OR = 1.19, p = .037), being non-Latino White (OR = 4.09, p = .004), and being a past smoker (OR = 4.26, p= .037), when controlling for all other variables including age, smoking status, employment experience, and drug and alcohol use. EAWs were satisfied with workplace training, but seemed unaware of what constituted a workplace injury or to whom these incidents should be reported.CONCLUSION: Greater childhood adversity is associated with work-related injury. Further research is needed to better understand EAWs with ACEs and to identify appropriate support for them. Education for employers and healthcare providers about the special needs of EAWs, particularly those with greater ACES, is needed, and interventions targeting LSES EAWs during their transition to adulthood are crucial to assure healthy and safe work environments for them. And overarching goals for this group are to reduce occupational health disparities, promote occupational wellness, develop a healthy emerging workforce, and improve surveillance of occupational health issues in primary care settings especially among underserved populations
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Developmental Processes of First Generation Female Ugandan Immigrant Youth: An Examination of Identity Development and Acculturation
Full text linkPurpose: The purpose of this constructivist grouded theory study was to explore first-generation female Ugandan immigrant youth perceptions, beliefs and attitudes toward health and self-development and identify which factors among their social contexts including community, school, family, and peer groups impacted their development. Background: In many ways, this immigrant group looks very different from other immigrant populations in the US: size of population, recency of immigration, socio-demographic profile, and primary migration channels. The impact of immigration on this growing population’s health and development is unclear. Existing literature suggests that the integration and developmental processes for young people and families from East Africa are complicated by family values, interaction styles, and social roles that many times are at very polar ends with those of the US host culture. Insights from these participants were needed to better understand the needs of this population, in order to improve health and development of immigrant adolescents, as they become young adults. Methods: This qualitative study employed Grounded Theory methods. Over 100 hours of community participatory observation and 28 total interviews with 20 participants were primary data collection strategies. Participants were recruited through purposive, theoretical and snowball sampling and included English speaking females aged 10-25 years, immigrated to the US at the age of 8 years or later, and self-identified as Ugandan. Dimensional analysis, an approach in the generation of grounded theory was used as a primary analytic strategy. In addition to multiple levels of coding, memo-writing was used as an analytic tool to track the developing conceptualizations and decisions. Emerging areas of salience were then be integrated into future interviews for further development and verification. An explanatory matrix was used to consider which dimension and concept best served as the central action and process. A wider philosophical orientation taken in this study was one that assumed a positive youth development (PYD) approach. Acculturation theory provided a theoretical lens through which to understand the processes young people were experiencing as newcomers to the US as individuals in various social contexts such as within families, peer groups, schools or community settings.Results: Identity development was chosen as the central perspective of the findings, that is, the dimension with the greatest explanatory power. As immigrants, participants made certain adaptations and adjustments that led to altered developmental paths for these young women including their beliefs about gender, their ethnic and racial identities, and how they balanced and integrated US culture into their existing understandings and cultural awareness. Conditions that impacted these identity development processes include the timing of immigration, Los Angeles and the US as contexts of reception, influential people and social settings primarily including the Ugandan community and school settings, the perceived value of Ugandan cultural maintenance versus the value of adopting certain American traits and habits, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination versus opportunity. Factors across various social contexts including community, school, family, and peer group were identified that impacted this population’s identity development, with the domains of wider community influence and school/peer settings as particularly influential. Conclusions: The findings presented represent an in depth consideration of the unique cultural, linguistic, religious, racial, social, and societal attributes of the female Ugandan immigrant youth population and can therefore be seen as an important step in the direction of developing an understanding of the developmental assets and risk/protective factors that characterize this specific young immigrant population
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Growing Up in the Transnational Family: Latino Adolescents Adapting to Late Immigration and Family Reunification
Full text linkThe purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore the process of family separation and reunification for Latino immigrant adolescents who have been separated from their parents for at least four years during immigration, in the context of transnational economic and family ties and changing gender roles. Focus groups, individual interviews and participant observation were used to gather data from 20 Mexican and Central American immigrant adolescents. In their varied descriptions of life in their home country, they experienced pervasive interpersonal and community trauma, including gang threats in their home country that impelled migration. Using dimensional analysis, an approach to the generation of grounded theory, a conceptual model was developed, Believing in a Better Life, to explain the conditions that facilitated and hindered family re-engagement and overall adaptation. Adolescents used four strategies to reconnect: 1) letting time take its course, 2) reconnecting through crises, 3) isolating and holding a grudge, and 4) telling their story and actively renegotiating parent-child relationships. Most youth were reuniting with single mothers, and young men were disadvantaged in two ways: they had experienced more trauma before migration and used less active strategies to reconnect with their parents than young women
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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Nursing Together: A Grounded Theoy of Acquiring Self Identity that Motivates or Obstructs Hospital Nurses to Work After Injury
Full text linkABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this study was to examine motivations and obstacles experienced by hospital nurses who endeavor to work after injury by focusing on the injury experience, work climate, risk of re-injury, workers' compensation, and issues related to personal lifestyle. Background/Significance: Nurses represent the largest group of hospital workers and experience some of the highest numbers of work-related injuries. Injuries not only cause physical and emotional harm but reduce the number of available hospital nurses and can create socioeconomic hardships for workers and their families. Methods: Motivations and Obstacles to Work for the Injured Hospital Nurse (MORE Nurses study), used ground theory methodology analysis including coding and conceptualization were used in the analysis of the data. Nurses (n = 16) from two different settings were interviewed. Findings: Participants reported fear of injury based on their own experiences and witnessing career ending injuries to co-workers. Many reported altruistic motivations relating to their work as a calling. They were reluctant to report an injury for reasons including their identity, stigma for disability, desensitization of self needs, and loyalty to patient care. Therefore, many nurses reported working with injuries, self-modifying their work duties when possible. Similarities and differences in perceptions of nurses revealed the importance co-worker relationships play in the injured nurses' ability to maintain work. Three conceptual sub-categories emerged from the data. From them, the conceptual description of Nursing Together represented the connections nurses share which motivate them to work. Conclusions: Nurses are compelled to do their work based on deep beliefs related to the importance of caring for another human being in need. The degree to which nurses personally connect with nursing as something more than a job, influences their perseverance to maintain work, the quality of the patient care they delivery, where they chose to work, and how they connect with co-workers. These connections are essential in determining whether nurses will find ways to nurse together as an identity; nurse together as a consequence of injury; or nurse together in the physically and emotionally demanding hospital setting
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What is the role of spirituality in HIV positive adolescents and emerging adults?
Full text linkAbstract The purpose of this grounded theory study was to theorize about how spirituality may or may not impact HIV positive adolescents and emerging adults, explain how spirituality may or may not influence their treatment, health and mental health outcomes and quality of life for adolescent and emerging adults with HIV, and explore expectations that HIV positive adolescents and emerging adults have for clinicians to address their spiritual needs after diagnosis of a life-altering disease such as HIV. Data were collected from 21 HIV positive adolescents and emerging adult males via individual interviews with three second interviews for a total of 24 interviews. Participants were racially and ethnically diverse with seven of Hispanic descent, six of African American descent, five were Caucasian and three identified as Bi-racial. All were gay with the exception of one perinatally infected young man. Through their experiences living with HIV and prior experiences with organized religion, participants shared their perspectives of how their spiritual beliefs assisted with coping with their diagnosis of HIV as well as decreasing depressive symptomatology and increasing medication adherence. Several common themes were found throughout the interviews and were instrumental in generating a grounded theory: “reconnecting to spirituality as a means of coping with HIV.” Participants reported having to re-embrace and re-engage in their earlier held spiritual beliefs and practices as well as to hold on to hope, believe in and claim normalcy and commit to beliefs and practices despite rejection from the church to move them along in this process of reconnecting. Most participants admitted to attending and participating in organized religion in youth but are no longer active participants in an organized religious organization due to stigma from the church regarding their sexual orientation and assumed HIV status. Nevertheless, spirituality continues to play an important role in these adolescent and emerging adults’ lives. Understanding the role of spirituality in HIV-infected adolescents and emerging adults may provide new insights on how clinicians may address these potentially unmet needs. Future research should be done to understand the role of spirituality in HIV-infected females and younger teens
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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