1,720,954 research outputs found
Emergence and Evolution of Endogenous Water Institutions in an African River Basin: Local Water Governance and State Intervention in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania
No full textWater management challenges in basins of Sub-Saharan Africa and in other parts of the world are increasing due to rapid urbanisation, poverty and food insecurity, energy demands, and climate change. Nearly half of the world population live in cities, and this is estimated to reach two-thirds of the world's population by the year 2050. The need to improve water services in cities poses new challenges to river basin management. Water transfer from other sectors to cities is an obvious way of reallocating the uses and users of the available water but this may have far reaching upstream-downstream consequences in a catchment. In addition there is an increasing trend in rural poverty, hunger, and food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa. To reduce and/or reverse the increasing trend of rural poverty and generate employment requires substantial investment in irrigated agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, transforming Sub-Saharan Africa's agriculture also implies intervention in water control as lack of access to reliable water supply is one of the major limitation to crop production. Coupled with the above problems are the rising global food and energy prices which have attracted foreign investment in agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa. Foreign direct investment in agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to increase agricultural water use and this could lead to further enhancement of an already stressed water situation.Water ManagementCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Emergence and evolution of endogenous water institutions in an African river basin : local water governance and state intervention in the Pangani River Basin
No full textWater management challenges in many basins of Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing due to rapid urbanisation, growing energy demands, and climate change. In addition to supply augmentation measures, solving water competition and conflict requires crafting new governance arrangements that can ensure equitable and sustainable use of the limited water resources.This book discusses how instead of harmony, state intervention in the water sector appears to generate dissonance at the interface with locally evolved water institutions. The book describes and analyses how local level innovation in institutional arrangements for water sharing often emerged around the creation of hydraulic property and/or is negotiated to secure more water flow for downstream users.The book makes a novel contribution to existing theories and concepts related to catchment management. It expands the typology of basin actors’ responses by explicitly introducing a meso layer which depicts the interface where state-led and local-level initiatives and responses are played out. It provides conceptual clarity on the dynamics between water asymmetry, inequality in access to land, and heterogeneity sustaining collective action over common pool resources. It further shows that not all the eight institutional design principles proposed by Ostrom (1993) are necessary for a water institution to be effective and to endure over time
Strengthening transboundary river basin institutions : a comparative learning from existing basin institutions in Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia
No full textThroughout human history, concerted efforts (both national and international) have beenput in creating institutions for managing rivers effectively. However, finding theappropriate institutional recipes is hardly trivial. The main question is which types ofinstitutional arrangements are best suited for water management in a basin context? Todate more documentations on conflict and cooperation over international watercourseshave been published but there is still a need to establish what key factors leads to asuccessful transboundary river basin institution. This study therefore attempts toidentify attributes of effective transboundary river basin institution in order to provideexperiences and important lessons on transboundary river basin management that can beused to strengthen other river basin institutions.To answer the research questions a comprehensive literature study was done to identifytheoretical factors of an effective river basin institution. In order to complement thesetheoretical factors, five basin institutions from Southeast Asia (Mekong), Europe (Rhine)and Africa (Nile, Senegal and Incomati) were selected for analysis. The basins werefirst independently reviewed and later comparatively assessed. The following werefound to be critical in their successful functioning: (1) realization of common interest bythe riparian states. (2) Presence of a strong secretariat responsible for data andinformation management. (3) Appropriate institutions of water governance at nationaland local level with representation of civil society. (4) Strong political commitmentreflected by adoption of appropriate funding mechanism; (5) Regional integration, onissues other than on water and (6) integrated actions leading to maintenance of theintegrity of ecosystems. The lessons from the case study assessment were used indeveloping a framework incorporating the key factors in Kagera river basin.From the study, it is apparent that effective river basin institutions develop throughexperimentation and innovation. Hence, it may be concluded that for transboundaryriver basin institutions to be successful riparian governments would need to: form jointmanagement institutions based on a shared vision for the future; align and harmonizenational as well as regional policies and legislation; develop appropriate institutionalcapacity at the national and local level; set clear mechanisms for conflict prevention andresolution; and develop appropriate mechanisms for joint data sharing, monitoring andinformation management. However, for each international basin, the optimal modes willdepend on a mix of these factors as well as basin cultures. Finally, moving towardregional integration may provide a window of opportunity to overcome some of thechallenges of joint management institutions
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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