1,720,959 research outputs found
Communicative underpinnings in grooming interactions of wild-living chimpanzees
Full text linkIn my doctoral thesis, I investigated the turn-taking abilities in the grooming interactions of wild-living male Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Turn-taking in humans, characterised as the reciprocal exchange of short and flexible turns, is suggested to be an ancient underpinning in language found across the primate lineage. However, turn-taking across primates is yet to be understood in a cooperative and relaxed context which does not require immediate coordination, and whether demographic and social factors of individuals drive these turn-taking systems. Therefore, by applying a comparative approach in relation to our closest living relatives, I first investigated the turn-taking elements found in human social action in the grooming interactions of male – male chimpanzee dyads. This is the first study to address the turn-taking elements in grooming interactions of wild-living chimpanzees, where I observed chimpanzees of the Ngogo population located in Kibale National Park, Uganda. To assess the turn-taking elements present in chimpanzees, I applied a comparative approach, using the Comparative Framework that addresses four main elements: flexibility of turn-taking organisation, participation frameworks, temporal relationships, and adjacency pairs found in human social action that can be applied to non-human species to allow for systematic comparison between species. In addition, I broadened the scope of the Comparative Framework by addressing a fifth foundational element – communicative repair, which is the fixing of a troubled turn. Thus, I addressed the gestures and actions chimpanzees used during their grooming interactions, looking into all five elements of turn-taking. This dissertation dffers from the extensive studies that have looked into grooming in chimpanzees, as it delves into the coordinated infrastructure of grooming interactions, gains insight into cases when these interactions entail breakdowns, and investigates the effect of demographic (i.e., age) and social factors (i.e., dominance rank, affiliation, and relatedness) of dyads. The main results of this thesis entail the following: Chimpanzees are shown to coordinate their grooming interactions through various turn transition types, including action - action, action - gesture, gesture - action, and gesture - gesture transitions. Hence, the infrastructure of grooming interactions of chimpanzees involves a high degree of flexibility, no preference for overlap avoidance, but turn transitions occurring promptly between zero and two seconds and lastly involve clear adjacency – like pair structures with certain gestures - action transitions being contingent and constrained (Chapter 3). Then to understand whether this infrastructure found in chimpanzees is driven by demographic and social factors of the interactional partners are, I found that age and dominance rank play an important role in influencing the presence of turn-transitions, gesture – gesture turn transitions and temporal relationships (Chapter 4). Then an element that was not part of the initial investigation of the turn-taking elements is communicative repair. Therefore, to gain insight into communicative repair in non-human species, I addressed the different mechanisms of repair (Chapter 5), which showed that negotiation was the most frequently used mechanism compared to repetition, substitution, and modification. The timings did not significantly differ between the different mechanisms; however, the median time was one second and 24 milliseconds, suggesting a rapid turnover. I additionally assessed whether demographic and social factors have an influence on the mechanisms and timings, but there was no influence. Communicative repair is yet to be directly studied in animal communication systems. However, to address studying this fifth element, I have conducted a literature review on communicative repair in humans, as well as studies in non-human species indirectly addressing this element (Chapter 6). Furthermore, I delve deeper into the cognitive levels underlying communicative repair to determine if chimpanzees exhibit a less cognitively demanding form compared to humans. Therefore, I propose a further research avenue on understanding communicative repair in species, hoping to inspire future studies in this area. In sum, my dissertation provides previously undocumented evidence of turn-taking elements existing in the infrastructure of grooming interactions in chimpanzees. The output from my dissertation will further address multiple turn-taking elements to gain a more complete picture of this phenomenon in non-human species. These studies will address the Interaction Engine hypothesis, which posits that social interactions and the underlying assemblages that brought about language made social interactions possible, rather than language itself. In turn, this may shed further light on the extent to which the communicative and cognitive abilities of our primate ancestors informed the evolution of the unique human communication system known as 'language'
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Turn-taking in grooming interactions of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the wild: the role of demographic and social factors
No full textCooperative turn-taking, a fundamental characteristic of human social interaction, has been postulated as a crucial mechanism for language emergence and is observed across the primate lineage. However, relatively little is known about the influence of demographic and social factors on turn-taking. As according to the sociolinguistic Communication Accommodation Theory, individuals adapt their communication according to their recipient characteristics, which may shape turn-taking. Thus, we aimed to gain insights into the factors (age, relatedness, dominance rank, and social bonds) in relation to the turn-taking infrastructure of one of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Ngogo population in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We specifically focused on a cooperative context, grooming, including gestures and actions, and collected data over nine months (September 2021 to June 2022) involving 42 male chimpanzees. We analysed 311 grooming interactions among 157 dyads concerning the role of demographic and social factors in turn transition infrastructure, turn transition types, and temporal relationships. Our findings demonstrated that turn transitions and types were influenced by age and dominance rank, whereas social bonds and relatedness did not exhibit effects. Specifically, the probability of turn transitions was higher for older initiators and lower-ranking or younger recipients. These effects varied across turn transition types, where initiator’s dominance rank and relatedness showed no effects on any type. In addition, no effect was found for the temporal relationships. Although the social dynamics of turn-taking remain largely unexplored across both human and non-human studies, our findings suggest that turn-taking can occur selectively between certain individuals, in line with the Communication Accommodation Theory, underscoring the need for greater focus on investigating how demographic and social factors shape turn-taking
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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