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SCCS Opinion on Kojic Acid - SCCS/1637/21 - Final version
No full textInternational audienceSCCS Opinion on Kojic Acid - SCCS/1637/21 - Final versionU. Bernauer, L. Bodin, Q. Chaudhry, P.J. Coenraad, M. Dusinska, J. Ezendam, E. Gaffet, C. L. Galli, B. Granum, E. Panteri, V. Rogiers, Ch. Rousselle, M. Stepnik, T. Vanhaecke, S. Wijnhoven, A. Koutsodimou, W. Uter, N. von GoetzThe SCCS adopted this document at its plenary meeting on 15 and 16 March 2022 (85 Pages)Mise en ligne 17 Mars 2022https://ec.europa.eu/health/publications/kojic-acid_enDescriptionSCCS members: U. Bernauer, L. Bodin, Q. Chaudhry, P.J. Coenraads (Chairperson), M. Dusinska, J. Ezendam, E. Gaffet, C.L. Galli, B. Granum, E. Panteri, V. Rogiers (Rapporteur), Ch. Rousselle, M. Stepnik, T. Vanhaecke (Rapporteur), S. WijnhovenSCCS external experts: A. Koutsodimou, W. Uter, N. von GoetzContact:[email protected] request from: European CommissionSCCS Number: SCCS/1637/21Adopted on: 15-16 March 2022Conclusion of the opinion:(1) In light of the data provided and taking under consideration the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, does the SCCS consider Kojic acid safe when used in cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 1 %?On the basis of the safety assessment, and considering the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, the SCCS is of the opinion that Kojic acid is not safe when used as a skin lightening agent in cosmetic products at concentrations of up to 1%.(2) Alternatively, what is according to the SCCS the maximum concentration considered safe for use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?In the SCCS’s opinion, the use of Kojic acid as a skin lightening agent in cosmetic products is safe for the consumer up to a maximum concentration of 0.7% Kojic acid in the final product.(3) Does the SCCS have any further scientific concerns with regard to the use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?As Kojic acid is sometimes added to peeling agents, a weakened skin barrier may be of additional concern because of greater dermal absorption.Only the topical use of Kojic acid in cosmetics has been considered in this Opinion. Other uses (e.g. food) of natural or synthetic sources have not been considered.As far as the derivatives of Kojic acid are concerned, e.g. esters of Kojic acid such as Kojic acid dipalmitate and Kojic acid isopalmitate, and derivatives such as chloro-Kojic acid, these have not been included in this Opinion as no data has been submitted.Keywords:SCCS, revision, scientific opinion, Kojic acid, CAS No 501-30-4, EC No 207-922-4, Regulation 1223/2009Opinion to be cited as:SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), scientific opinion on Kojic acid, preliminary version of 26-27 October 2021, final version of 15-16 March 2022, SCCS/1637/21
SCCS Opinion on Kojic Acid - SCCS/1637/21 - Preliminary version
No full textInternational audienceKojic acidSCCS members: U. Bernauer, L. Bodin, Q. Chaudhry, P.J. Coenraads (Chairperson), M. Dusinska, J. Ezendam, E. Gaffet, C.L. Galli, B. Granum, E. Panteri, V. Rogiers, Ch. Rousselle, M. Stepnik, T. Vanhaecke (Rapporteur), S. WijnhovenSCCS external experts: A. Koutsodimou, W. Uter, N. von GoetzContact: [email protected] request from: European CommissionSCCS Number: SCCS/1637/21Adopted on: 26-27 October 2021Conclusion of the opinion:(1) In light of the data provided and taking under consideration the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, does the SCCS consider Kojic acid safe when used in cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 1 %?On the basis of the safety assessment, and considering the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, the SCCS is of the opinion that the concentration of 1% Kojic acid is not safe for the intended use in cosmetic products.(2) Alternatively, what is according to the SCCS the maximum concentration considered safe for use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?Without specific data on the different cosmetic products containing Kojic acid, the SCCS is unable to advice on the safe concentration of Kojic acid in individual cosmetic products. As an example, for the combined twice a day use of face cream and hand cream, the maximum concentration of Kojic acid should not exceed 0.04%.(3) Does the SCCS have any further scientific concerns with regard to the use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?As Kojic acid is sometimes added to peeling agents, a weakened skin barrier may be of additional concern because of greater dermal absorption.Only the topical use of Kojic acid in cosmetics has been considered in this Opinion. Other uses (e.g. food) of natural or synthetic sources have not been considered.As far as the derivatives of Kojic acid are concerned, e.g. esters of Kojic acid such as Kojic acid dipalmitate and Kojic acid isopalmitate, and derivatives such as chloro-Kojic acid, these have not been included in this Opinion as no data has been submitted.Keywords:SCCS, revision, scientific opinion, Kojic acid, CAS No 501-30-4, EC No 207-922-4, Regulation 1223/2009Opinion to be cited as:SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), scientific opinion on Kojic acid, preliminary version of 26-27 October 2021, SCCS/1637/21
SCCS Opinion on Kojic Acid - SCCS/1637/21 - Preliminary version
No full textInternational audienceKojic acidSCCS members: U. Bernauer, L. Bodin, Q. Chaudhry, P.J. Coenraads (Chairperson), M. Dusinska, J. Ezendam, E. Gaffet, C.L. Galli, B. Granum, E. Panteri, V. Rogiers, Ch. Rousselle, M. Stepnik, T. Vanhaecke (Rapporteur), S. WijnhovenSCCS external experts: A. Koutsodimou, W. Uter, N. von GoetzContact: [email protected] request from: European CommissionSCCS Number: SCCS/1637/21Adopted on: 26-27 October 2021Conclusion of the opinion:(1) In light of the data provided and taking under consideration the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, does the SCCS consider Kojic acid safe when used in cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 1 %?On the basis of the safety assessment, and considering the concerns related to potential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, the SCCS is of the opinion that the concentration of 1% Kojic acid is not safe for the intended use in cosmetic products.(2) Alternatively, what is according to the SCCS the maximum concentration considered safe for use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?Without specific data on the different cosmetic products containing Kojic acid, the SCCS is unable to advice on the safe concentration of Kojic acid in individual cosmetic products. As an example, for the combined twice a day use of face cream and hand cream, the maximum concentration of Kojic acid should not exceed 0.04%.(3) Does the SCCS have any further scientific concerns with regard to the use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?As Kojic acid is sometimes added to peeling agents, a weakened skin barrier may be of additional concern because of greater dermal absorption.Only the topical use of Kojic acid in cosmetics has been considered in this Opinion. Other uses (e.g. food) of natural or synthetic sources have not been considered.As far as the derivatives of Kojic acid are concerned, e.g. esters of Kojic acid such as Kojic acid dipalmitate and Kojic acid isopalmitate, and derivatives such as chloro-Kojic acid, these have not been included in this Opinion as no data has been submitted.Keywords:SCCS, revision, scientific opinion, Kojic acid, CAS No 501-30-4, EC No 207-922-4, Regulation 1223/2009Opinion to be cited as:SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety), scientific opinion on Kojic acid, preliminary version of 26-27 October 2021, SCCS/1637/21
Kojic acid: Production of kojic acid from crude glycerol.
No full textKojic acid production using selected filamentous fungus isolated from the Brazilian biodiversity. The production is carried out in a submerged fermentation with crude glycerol (glycerin), a biodiesel co-product, or a commercial standard glycerol as the sole source of carbon.TC 193
The comparative fate of T-2 toxin in chickens and ducks, and an investigation of kojic acid's toxicity and its possible synergy with aflatoxin in chickens
No full textTypescript (photocopy)VitaMajor subject: ToxicologyThe metabolism and/or toxicological effects of 3 mycotoxins were studied in poultry. In the metabolism study, a tritiated preparation of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin was administered as a single oral dose to 21-day old male broiler (Hubbard x Hubbard) chickens and to the more sensitive male White Pekin ducks. At 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-administration, 3 birds of each species were killed and various tissues were collected, as was excreta at various times after treatment. To determine the amount of radioactivity in the excreta and tissues, samples were subjected to oxygen combustion analysis. There were no major differences between the 2 species in absorption, kinetics, metabolism, tissue retention or excretion of T-2 toxin and its metabolites. The 10-fold difference in toxicological sensitivity to T-2 toxin that exists between these 2 species could not be attributed to differences in the time course of metabolic detoxification or to differences in rates of excretion. To examine the toxicological effects of kojic acid and its possible synergy with aflatoxin, studies of male broiler (Peterson x Hubbard) chickens were conducted over a 21-day period beginning at day of hatch. In the toxicity study, 6 treatments of kojic acid at 0,.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g kojic acid/kg feed were used to establish a toxic response. In the synergy study, treatments of 0 or 2.5 g kojic acid/kg feed, and 2.5 mg aflatoxin/kg feed were used in a 2 x 2 design. The toxicity of kojic acid was evident only at concentrations greater than 2 g kojic acid/kg feed and was characterized by significant (P <.05) decreases in body weights and colonic temperature, increases in relative organ weights; and various changes in both serum enzyme activities and serum metabolites. Although significant (P <.05) effects of aflatoxin and kojic acid alone were observed in the synergy study, these data did not reveal any toxic synergy existing between the 2 mycotoxins. However, kojic acid did significantly (P <.05) antagonize aflatoxin's deleterious effects upon the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
MUTAGENICITY OF KOJIC ACID PRODUCED FROM WILD TYPE Aspergillus oryzae
No full textKojic acid (KA) is a multipurpose natural compound, commonly used in the food and cosmetics industry. It is produced by different types of molds especially by the species Aspergillus oryzae. In this study, we test the mutagenicity of local produced kojic acid PKA produced by the wild-type strain of A. oryzae as well as the standard commercially produced kojic acid SKA and ascorbic acid SAA for comparison to stop food manufacturers doubts about using KA. AMES test with Salmonella enterica ATCC 29629 strain TA1535 and S9 liver enzyme for metabolic activation of the tested compounds were utilized in this study by direct and indirect methods were used in the test. The study results showed that the tested PKA kojic acid had cannot induce reverse mutation in the strain ATCC 29629TA1535 used in the test in contrast with the positive control in direct and indirect methods, even where the tested acids were treated with S9 liver enzymes with or without pre-incubation for three hours at 37 °C hadn’t given positive results on TA1535. The used concentration of 1% and 10% S9 liver enzymes hadn’t metabolically activated the three acids. 6 mg/plate of KA inhibited the growth of TA1535. SAA gave the same negative results as PKA and SKA. In conclusion, the tested PKA produced by wild-type A. oryzae was not has mutagenic effect on bacterial strain TA1535 and gave the same effect as the commonly used as food additive SAA and SKA even when treated with S9 liver enzymes
Chemistry of kojic acid: One-step syntheses of benzothiazoles and other fused heterocycles from kojic acid derivatives
No full textThe reactions of the benzyl
ether (1b) of kojic acid (la) and its chloromethyl derivative (1c) were investigated as new
routes to fused heterocyclic systems. The chloromethyl
compound proved the more versatile intermediate yielding benzothiazoles
with thiourea and pyrido[l,2-a]benzimidazoles
(11) and pyrido[1,2-alindole (12b) with pyridine derivatives. A number of
methylated products of the benzothiazole were
prepared in order to establish the structures of the reaction products and a
possible mechanism of the reaction is discussed.</jats:p
SCCS Opinion on Kojic Acid – SCCS/1637/21 – Final version and Corrigendum
No full textInternational audienceThe SCCS concludes the following:1. In light of the data provided and taking under consideration the concerns related topotential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, does the SCCS consider Kojicacid safe when used in cosmetic products up to a maximum concentration of 1 %?On the basis of the safety assessment, and considering the concerns related topotential endocrine disrupting properties of Kojic acid, the SCCS is of the opinion thatKojic acid is safe when used as a skin lightening agent in cosmetic products atconcentrations of up to 1%.2. Alternatively, what is according to the SCCS the maximum concentration consideredsafe for use of Kojic acid in cosmetic products?/3. Does the SCCS have any further scientific concerns with regard to the use of Kojicacid in cosmetic products?As Kojic acid is sometimes added to peeling agents, a weakened skin barrier may beof additional concern because of greater dermal absorption.Only the topical use of Kojic acid in cosmetics has been considered in this Opinion.Other uses (e.g. food) of natural or synthetic sources have not been considered.As far as the derivatives of Kojic acid are concerned, e.g. esters of Kojic acid such asKojic acid dipalmitate and Kojic acid isopalmitate, and derivatives such as chloro-Kojic acid, these have not been included in this Opinion as no data has beensubmitted
Testing and characterization of different papers as substrate material for printed electronics and application in humidity sensor
No full textThe use of papers as substrates in the process of manufacturing flexible electronic components is urgently required to obtain cost-effective products as well as to expand the potential applications of such components. This study aimed to examine the suitability of three different types of paper for sensor applications using an inkjet printing process. Three types of paper (denoted as Types 1, 2, and 3) designed for specific applications in printed electronics were selected and entirely characterized in terms of microscopic and macroscopic properties, such as internal fibers structure, cross-sectional layer structure, surface roughness, and hardness. Dot arrays were printed on these three types of paper to determine how the papers absorb silver ink and which one is the best substrate for manufacturing printed electronic components. After a comprehensive analysis, the paper that exhibited the best feature was further studied as a substrate for printing interdigitated electrodes to develop a humidity sensor. The Type 2 paper-based sensor demonstrated the variation in capacitance in the range from 9.4 to 10.6 pF while changing the relative humidity (RH) from 40 to 90%. Thus, Type 2 has the great potential for application in flexible sensors, suggesting the possibility of industrial scalability and mass production of inexpensive, biodegradable, and conformable electronic components
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