177,409 research outputs found
Enzymatic biomass utilization and modification
No full textEnvironmental concerns, the requirements for energy and carbon efficiency as well as the need to reduce dependency on fossil feedstocks lead to a necessity to develop new bio-based processes and products that support sustainable development and create novel possibilities to boost Bioeconomy. Lignocellulosic biomass mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is a renewable, abundant non-food starting material for various applications. Cellulases and related enzymes have for decades attracted substantial interest in various industrial applications. For the total hydrolysis of biomass to produce biofuels and other chemicals, mixtures of different (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes have been used, composed of cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, β-glucosidases, hemicellulases and helper activities that act in a synergistic manner. On the other hand, for the fibre-based applications usually tailored, or monocomponent enzyme preparations have been applied. The exact composition and proportions of the different enzymes depends in each case on the raw material used, and also on the biorefinery concept to be applied.
Despite of the vast development of the lignocellulolytic enzymes, more efficient enzymes and enzyme cocktails are still needed. At VTT, novel cellulolytic enzymes have been discovered from environmental samples, culture collections, metagenomic libraries and genomic databases. Enzyme properties have also been improved by protein engineering. We have also analyzed the limiting factors in the hydrolysis, especially the role of hemicellulose and lignin. Molecular level mechanistic studies have paved way for development of more efficient enzymes. Besides biomass degradation, enzymes have been applied for fibre modification. Furthermore, protease deletion strains and strains with modified cellulase regulation pathways have made it possible to substantially increase protein production in Trichoderma reesei, the industrial production host.
References: Igarashi K., Uchihashi, T., Koivula A., Wada, M., Kimura, S., Okamoto, T., Penttilä M., Ando, T. and Samejima, M. (2011) Traffic jams reduce hydrolytic efficiency of cellulase on cellulose surface. Science, 33, 1279-1282. Ilmén M., den Haan R, Brevnova E, McBride J, Wiswall E, Froehlich A, Koivula A, Voutilainen S.P, Siika-aho M, la Grange D.C., Thorngren N, Ahlgren S, Mellon M, Deleault K, Rajgarhia V, van Zyl W.H, Penttilä M (2011) High level secretion of cellobiohydrolases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology for Biofuels 4, 30-45. Viikari, L., Vehmaanperä, J. and Koivula, A (2012) Lignocellulosic ethanol: from science to industry. Biomass and Bioenergy 46, 13-24. Nakamura, A., Tsukada, T., Auer,S., Furuta, T., Wada, M., Koivula,A., Igarashi, K., and Samejima M. (2013) Tryptophan residue at active-site tunnel entrance of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel7A is important to initiate degradation of crystalline cellulose. J.Biol.Chem. 288, 13503-13510. Rahikainen, J. L., Moilanen, U., Nurmi-Rantala, S., Lappas, A., Koivula, A., Viikari, L., & Kruus, K. (2013). Effect of temperature on lignin-derived inhibition studied with three structurally different cellobiohydrolases. Bioresource Technology, 146, 118–25. Voutilainen S.P., Nurmi-Rantala, S., Penttilä M., and Koivula A. (2013) Engineering chimeric thermostable GH7 cellobiohydrolases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98, 2991-3001. Colabardini, A.C., Valkonen M; Huuskonen A; Siika-aho M; Koivula A; Goldman G.H; Saloheimo M (2016) Expression of two novel β-glucosidases from Chaetomium atrobrunneum in Trichoderma reesei and characterization of the heterologous protein products. Mol. Biotechnology. 58, 821-831
Electrochemical evaluation of electron transfer kinetics of high and low redox potential laccases on gold electrode surface
No full textLaccases and other multicopper oxidases are reported to be able to carry out direct electron transfer reactions when immobilized onto electrode surface. This allows detailed research of their electron transfer mechanisms. We have recently characterized the kinetic properties of four laccases in homogenous solution and immobilized onto an electrode surface with respect to a set of different redox mediators. In this paper we report the direct electron transfer of four purified laccases from Trametes hirsuta (ThL). Trametes versicolor (TvL), Melanocarpus albomyces (r-MaL) and Rhus vernicifera (RvL), by trapping the proteins within an electrochemically inert polymer of tributylmethyl phosphonium chloride coating a gold electrode surface. In particular, we have characterized the steps involved in the laccases electron transfer mechanism as well as the factors limiting each step. During the voltammetric experiments, non-turnover Faradic signals with midpoint potential of about 790 and 400 mV were observed for high potential laccases, ThL and TvL, corresponding to redox transformations of the T1 site and the T2/T3 cluster of the enzyme, respectively, whereas low redox potential laccases r-MaL and RvL shown a redox couple with a midpoint potential around 400 mV. The electrocatalytic properties of these laccase modified electrodes for the reduction of oxygen have been evaluated demonstrating significative direct electron transfer kinetics. The biocatalytic activity of laccases was also monitored in the presence of a well known inhibitor. sodium azide. On the basis of the experimental results, a hypothesis about the electronic pathway for intramolecular electron transfer characterizing laccases has been proposed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Kinetic and biochemical properties of high and low redox potential laccases from fungal and plant origin
No full textThe electrochemical studies of laccase-mediator systems are aimed at understanding the mechanism of their redox transformation and their efficiency in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions; this topic has paramount application spanning from bleaching of paper pulp and the enzymatic degradation of lignin to the biosensors and biofuel cell development. In this paper four different laccases from Trametes hirsuta (ThL), Trametes versicolor (TvL), Melanocarpus albomyces (r-MaL) and Rhus venticifera (RvL) were characterized from both biochemical and electrochemical points of view. Two of them (TvL and ThL) are high redox potential and two (RvL and r-MaL) are low redox potential laccases. The outline of this work is focused on the determination of catalytic and bioelectrochemical properties of these four enzymes in homogenous solution as well as immobilized onto electrode Surface in the presence of a set of different redox mediators. The results measured in the homogenous reaction system correlated well with those measured with the immobilized enzymes. In addition, they are in good agreement with those reported with reference techniques, suggesting that the electrochemical methods employed in this work can be applied well in place of the traditional techniques commonly used for the kinetic characterization of laccases. These results are also discussed in terms of the known amino acid sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures of the laccases. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Clinically important mycobacteria in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa : phenotypic and genetic diversity
No full textTuberculosis (TB) is a major and still increasing health problem in West Africa. In Guinea-Bissau, TB has an estimated annual incidence of 1501100.000. Knowledge on infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), is very limited in Africa, including Guinea-Bissau. M tuberculosis complex isolates (n=229) and MAC isolates (n=28) collected in Guinea-Bissau during 1989 to 1996, from sputum samples from approximately 1000 patients with clinical diagnosis of pulmonary TB, were analysed for phenotypical and genotypical characteristics.There was a high degree of heterogeneity in the M tuberculosis complex isolates in terms of biochemical properties as compared to what is normal in European isolates. Phenotypically, these isolates were assigned to one of five biovars, ranging within a spectrum of classical M. tuberculosis (biovar 5) to classical M. bovis (biovar 1). Genotypically, the strains could be divided into three groups (A-C), of which group A isolates are proposed to be imported and of European descent, while groups B and C isolates are unique and proposed to originate from West Africa (the Guinea-Bissau family of strains). A detailed genotypic analysis was carried out on 35 isolates from the Guinea-Bissau family. Based on the data obtained, and by comparing corresponding genes in mycobacteria outside the M. tuberculosis complex, it is proposed that the Guinea-Bissau family of strains is a unique branch of the M tuberculosis complex tree in between classical M. tuberculosis and classical M. bovis.Drug susceptibility testing demonstrated a low rate of resistance to drugs used for TB treatment in Guinea-Bissau. However, studies in vitro of thiacetazone showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of this drug on M africanum subtype 11 strains (biovar 4) was significantly higher than that for other strains studied. It is concluded that in areas where M africanum subtype II is a prevalent cause of TB, thiacetazone should not be considered for treatment.M. bovis is known to lack the mtp40 gene. However, other investigators earlier reported two strains of M. bovis possessing the mtp40 gene. A detailed genotypic re-examination of these strains was performed showing that the two isolates, in fact, should be classified as M. africanum rather than M. bovis. This finding further strengthens the proposed evolutionary scenario of the M tuberculosis complex.The finding of MAC in sputum samples is one of the first reports of MAC in patients from Africa. The results demonstrate the importance of adequate laboratory diagnosis of mycobacteria. In geographic areas where MAC pulmonary infections are common, it is of significance to identify MAC, especially so in patients often incorrectly thought to suffer from drug-resistant TB. The MAC isolates were studied by several molecular methods. The highest discriminatory power was obtained with 16S rRNA sequencing. By this method most of the Guinea-Bissau strains were found to belong to the M. intracellulare branch of the phylogenetic tree of MAC.In summary, the phenotypic heterogeneity, and the genetic clustering revealed three major clusters allowing the identification of the new Guinea-Bissau family of M tuberculosis complex strains. This will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of these organisms and also their evolution. The incidence of pulmonary MAC infections in patients in Guinea-Bissau, underlines the importance of correct laboratory diagnostic methods, not only for correct treatment, but also for epidemiological surveillance - frequently such MAC infections are incorrectly judged to be treatment failures caused by drug resistant TB complex organisms.List of scientific papersI. Koivula T, Hoffner S, Winqvist N, Naucler A, Dias F, Lacerda L, Svenson S, Norberg R, Kallenius G (1996). "Mycobacterium avium complex sputum isolates from patients with respiratory symptoms in Guinea-Bissau. " J Infect Dis 173(1): 263-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8537673II. Koivula T, Cristea-Fernstrom M, Chryssanthou E, Petrini B, Kallenius G (2004). "Genetic diversity in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex from Guinea_Bissau, West Africa." Microbes Infect 6(14): (In Print) III. Kallenius G, Koivula T, Ghebremichael S, Hoffner SE, Norberg R, Svensson E, Dias F, Marklund BI, Svenson SB (1999). "Evolution and clonal traits of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Guinea-Bissau. " J Clin Microbiol 37(12): 3872-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10565899IV. Abate G, Koivula T, Hoffner SE (2002). "In vitro activity of thiacetazone on mycobacterial species belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex." Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6(10): 933-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12365582V. Koivula T, Svenson SB, Kallenius G (2002). "The mtp40 gene is not present in Mycobacterium bovis. " Tuberculosis 82(4-5): 183-5 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12464490VI. Koivula T, Ekman M, Leitner T, Lofdahl S, Ghebremicahel S, Mostowy S, Behr MA, Svenson SB, Kallenius G (2004). "Genetic characterization of the Guinea-Bissau family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains." Microbes Infect 6(3): 272-8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15026014</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Nest distribution, habitat selection and nesting success in endangered waders breeding on managed shore meadows
No full textAbstract
European wader populations, particularly species breeding in low-lying shore habitats, are undergoing steep declines due to habitat loss and degradation caused by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. In this thesis, I explore ruff (Calidris pugnax) nesting distribution and the major sources of nest mortality driving their low population growth at managed shore meadows in the Bothnian Bay.
In Chapter 1, I examine which social and environmental cues determine ruff nest distributions in a coastal meadow habitat. I found that ruffs nested closer than expected by chance to the nests of conspecifics and leks, while in some years, they nested further away from the shoreline and meadow edge. This non-random nest distribution in ruffs suggests that females may use social cues and the distance to habitat boundaries when choosing a nest site.
In Chapter 2, I investigate the changing frequency and intensity of wind floods in managed coastal meadows in the northern Baltic Sea. Using long-term breeding (2002–2022) and mareograph data (1970–2023), I assessed the impact of time, water level, and the distance from the shoreline on ruff and southern dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) nest survival due to flooding. Nest losses caused by flooding increased over the study periods, with increased nest mortality after a water level rise of 40 cm above theoretical mean sea level in both species. Furthermore, we found that the frequency of such floods has increased during the last 50 years.
Finally, in Chapter 3, I focus on disentangling the drivers of nest failure in ruffs, with a particular focus on nest predation. I assessed the impact of social, spatial, and temporal factors on ruff daily nest survival in three models focusing on distinct sources of mortality. Overall, younger nests and those at an intermediate distance to other nests had the highest daily nest survival, while laying date and distance to paths only affected nest survival in the absence of predation. The use of dummy eggs in vulnerable clutches reduced predation, flooding, and trampling mortality and may provide a valuable management tool to improve nesting success.
This thesis highlights the need for comprehensive studies of nest distributions and mortality sources in waders to ultimately improve their population recovery through informed species and habitat restoration and management. Original papers Algora, H., Tolliver, J. D. M., Pakanen, V., Kupán, K., Belojević, J., Rönkä, N., Küpper, C., & Koivula, K. (2025). Nests, threats, and leks: Nonrandom distributions of nests in ruffs (Calidris pugnax). Ecology and Evolution, 15(3), e70997. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70997 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70997 Self-archived version Koivula, K., Algora, H., Airaksinen, E., Belojević, J., Küpper, C., Oranen, M., Rohr-Bender, V. A., Rönkä, N., Tolliver, J. D. M., & Pakanen, V.-M. (2025). Increased wind flood frequency leads to decreased nest success of endangered waders in managed shore meadows. Biological Conservation, 302, 110970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110970 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110970 Self-archived version Algora, H., Kupán, K., Belojević, J., Pakanen, V.-M., Tolliver, J. D. M., Rohr-Bender, V., Koivula, K., & Küpper, C. (2025). Nest survival and failure in ruffs breeding on grazed coastal meadows. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175268168.89269786/v1 https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175268168.89269786/v1 Tiivistelmä
Eurooppalaiset kahlaajalinnut, erityisesti alavilla ja matalakasvuisilla ranta-alueilla pesivät lajit, ovat vähenemässä nopeasti. Tämä johtuu elinympäristöjen häviämisestä ja niiden laadun heikentymisestä ihmisen aiheuttamien paineiden ja ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkin Perämeren hoidetuilla rantaniityillä suokukon (Calidris pugnax) pesien sijoittumista ja siihen liittyviä tärkeimpiä pesäkuolleisuuden syitä, jotka mahdollisesti estävät populaation kasvun.
Luvussa 1 tutkin, mitkä sosiaaliset ja ympäristötekijät vaikuttavat suokukon pesien jakautumisen rantaniityillä. Aineisto on kerätty. Havaitsin, että suokukot pesivät lähempänä toisiaan kuin sattuman kautta odotettiin. Joinakin vuosina ne pesivät satunnaista kauempana rantaviivasta ja pesimäniityn reunasta. Tämä ei-sattumanvarainen pesäpaikkojen jakautuminen viittaa siihen, että suokukkonaaraat käyttävät em. tekijöitä pesimäpaikan valinnassaan.
Luvussa 2 tutkin tuulitulvien yleisyyttä ja voimakkuutta hoidetuilla Perämeren rantaniityillä. Pitkän aikavälin pesimätietojen (2002–2022) ja mareografiaineiston (1970–2023) avulla arvioin ajoittumisen, vedenkorkeuden ja pesän sijoittumisen vaikutusta suokukon ja etelänsuosirrien (Calidris alpina schinzii) pesien selviytymiseen tulvasta. Tulvatuhot lisääntyivät tutkimusjaksojen aikana, ja molemmilla lajeilla ne lisääntyivät selvästi meriveden noustua 40 cm yli teoreettisen keskiveden. Lisäksi havaitsimme, että tämän kriittisen rajan ylittävien tulvien esiintymistiheys on lisääntynyt viimeisten 50 vuoden aikana.
Luvussa 3 keskityn tutkimaan, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat pesien onnistumiseen ja erityisesti pesäsaalistukseen suokukolla. Tutkin sosiaalisten, tilaan liittyvien ja ajallisten tekijöiden vaikutusta suokukon pesäsäilyvyyteen kolmen mallin avulla erikseen eri kuolleisuussyiden osalta. Haudonnan alkuvaiheen pesillä ja pesillä, jotka sijaitsivat keskimääräisellä etäisyydellä muista pesistä, oli korkein päivittäinen säilyvyys. Pesinnän ajoittuminen ja etäisyys kulku-uriin vaikuttivat pesän eloonjäämiseen mutta vain ilman pesäsaalistusta. Haavoittuvien pesien munien korvaaminen tekomunilla ja munien keinohaudonta vähensi sekä saalistus-, tulva- että tallauskuolleisuutta. Keinohaudonta voi siis joissain erikoistilanteissa olla arvokas pesimämenestystä parantava keino.
Väitöskirjassani korostan tietotarpeita liittyen kahlaajien pesien sijoittumiseen ja säilyvyyteen. Tutkimustieto on elintärkeätä kustannustehokkaan ja vaikuttavan lajien suojelun ja elinympäristöjen ennallistamisen ja hoidon kannalta. Osajulkaisut Algora, H., Tolliver, J. D. M., Pakanen, V., Kupán, K., Belojević, J., Rönkä, N., Küpper, C., & Koivula, K. (2025). Nests, threats, and leks: Nonrandom distributions of nests in ruffs (Calidris pugnax). Ecology and Evolution, 15(3), e70997. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70997 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70997 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Koivula, K., Algora, H., Airaksinen, E., Belojević, J., Küpper, C., Oranen, M., Rohr-Bender, V. A., Rönkä, N., Tolliver, J. D. M., & Pakanen, V.-M. (2025). Increased wind flood frequency leads to decreased nest success of endangered waders in managed shore meadows. Biological Conservation, 302, 110970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110970 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110970 Rinnakkaistallennettu versio Algora, H., Kupán, K., Belojević, J., Pakanen, V.-M., Tolliver, J. D. M., Rohr-Bender, V., Koivula, K., & Küpper, C. (2025). Nest survival and failure in ruffs breeding on grazed coastal meadows. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175268168.89269786/v1 https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175268168.89269786/v1 Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Programme Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP-Pohjola auditorium (L6), Linnanmaa, on 27 February 2026, at 12 noonAbstract
European wader populations, particularly species breeding in low-lying shore habitats, are undergoing steep declines due to habitat loss and degradation caused by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. In this thesis, I explore ruff (Calidris pugnax) nesting distribution and the major sources of nest mortality driving their low population growth at managed shore meadows in the Bothnian Bay.
In Chapter 1, I examine which social and environmental cues determine ruff nest distributions in a coastal meadow habitat. I found that ruffs nested closer than expected by chance to the nests of conspecifics and leks, while in some years, they nested further away from the shoreline and meadow edge. This non-random nest distribution in ruffs suggests that females may use social cues and the distance to habitat boundaries when choosing a nest site.
In Chapter 2, I investigate the changing frequency and intensity of wind floods in managed coastal meadows in the northern Baltic Sea. Using long-term breeding (2002–2022) and mareograph data (1970–2023), I assessed the impact of time, water level, and the distance from the shoreline on ruff and southern dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) nest survival due to flooding. Nest losses caused by flooding increased over the study periods, with increased nest mortality after a water level rise of 40 cm above theoretical mean sea level in both species. Furthermore, we found that the frequency of such floods has increased during the last 50 years.
Finally, in Chapter 3, I focus on disentangling the drivers of nest failure in ruffs, with a particular focus on nest predation. I assessed the impact of social, spatial, and temporal factors on ruff daily nest survival in three models focusing on distinct sources of mortality. Overall, younger nests and those at an intermediate distance to other nests had the highest daily nest survival, while laying date and distance to paths only affected nest survival in the absence of predation. The use of dummy eggs in vulnerable clutches reduced predation, flooding, and trampling mortality and may provide a valuable management tool to improve nesting success.
This thesis highlights the need for comprehensive studies of nest distributions and mortality sources in waders to ultimately improve their population recovery through informed species and habitat restoration and management.Tiivistelmä
Eurooppalaiset kahlaajalinnut, erityisesti alavilla ja matalakasvuisilla ranta-alueilla pesivät lajit, ovat vähenemässä nopeasti. Tämä johtuu elinympäristöjen häviämisestä ja niiden laadun heikentymisestä ihmisen aiheuttamien paineiden ja ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkin Perämeren hoidetuilla rantaniityillä suokukon (Calidris pugnax) pesien sijoittumista ja siihen liittyviä tärkeimpiä pesäkuolleisuuden syitä, jotka mahdollisesti estävät populaation kasvun.
Luvussa 1 tutkin, mitkä sosiaaliset ja ympäristötekijät vaikuttavat suokukon pesien jakautumisen rantaniityillä. Aineisto on kerätty. Havaitsin, että suokukot pesivät lähempänä toisiaan kuin sattuman kautta odotettiin. Joinakin vuosina ne pesivät satunnaista kauempana rantaviivasta ja pesimäniityn reunasta. Tämä ei-sattumanvarainen pesäpaikkojen jakautuminen viittaa siihen, että suokukkonaaraat käyttävät em. tekijöitä pesimäpaikan valinnassaan.
Luvussa 2 tutkin tuulitulvien yleisyyttä ja voimakkuutta hoidetuilla Perämeren rantaniityillä. Pitkän aikavälin pesimätietojen (2002–2022) ja mareografiaineiston (1970–2023) avulla arvioin ajoittumisen, vedenkorkeuden ja pesän sijoittumisen vaikutusta suokukon ja etelänsuosirrien (Calidris alpina schinzii) pesien selviytymiseen tulvasta. Tulvatuhot lisääntyivät tutkimusjaksojen aikana, ja molemmilla lajeilla ne lisääntyivät selvästi meriveden noustua 40 cm yli teoreettisen keskiveden. Lisäksi havaitsimme, että tämän kriittisen rajan ylittävien tulvien esiintymistiheys on lisääntynyt viimeisten 50 vuoden aikana.
Luvussa 3 keskityn tutkimaan, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat pesien onnistumiseen ja erityisesti pesäsaalistukseen suokukolla. Tutkin sosiaalisten, tilaan liittyvien ja ajallisten tekijöiden vaikutusta suokukon pesäsäilyvyyteen kolmen mallin avulla erikseen eri kuolleisuussyiden osalta. Haudonnan alkuvaiheen pesillä ja pesillä, jotka sijaitsivat keskimääräisellä etäisyydellä muista pesistä, oli korkein päivittäinen säilyvyys. Pesinnän ajoittuminen ja etäisyys kulku-uriin vaikuttivat pesän eloonjäämiseen mutta vain ilman pesäsaalistusta. Haavoittuvien pesien munien korvaaminen tekomunilla ja munien keinohaudonta vähensi sekä saalistus-, tulva- että tallauskuolleisuutta. Keinohaudonta voi siis joissain erikoistilanteissa olla arvokas pesimämenestystä parantava keino.
Väitöskirjassani korostan tietotarpeita liittyen kahlaajien pesien sijoittumiseen ja säilyvyyteen. Tutkimustieto on elintärkeätä kustannustehokkaan ja vaikuttavan lajien suojelun ja elinympäristöjen ennallistamisen ja hoidon kannalta
Letter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer, Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, October 2, 1942
No full textLetter from R. R. Zellick, Assistant Trust Officer at The Anglo California National Bank of San Francisco, to Joseph R. Goodman, regarding property owned by Dave Tatsuno. Zellick mentions a dispute between current tenants and Tatsuno, and that Tatsuno has asked Goodman to help locate trustworthy tenants.Personal correspondence, organizational records, government documents, publications, and other papers created or collected by Joseph R. Goodman documenting the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, as well as organized resistance to incarceration. Included in the collection are records of the Japanese Young Men's Christian Association and the Japanese American Citizens' League in San Francisco, including papers of the Japanese YMCA's executive secretary Lincoln Kanai; Sakai family papers; Goodman's correspondence to and from Japanese American incarcerees, organizations opposing forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, and others; publications, photographs, and ephemera from the Topaz Relocation Center, where Goodman taught high school; War Relocation Authority records and publications; and newspaper clippings, pamphlets, and reports about forced removal and incarceration created by various government, religious, and civic organizations, in California and nationwide
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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