10,914 research outputs found
Effects of Neonatal Fluoxetine Exposure on the Serotonergic System of Rats
No full text許多婦女在懷孕期間會服用選擇性血清素再回收抑制劑 (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor，SSRI) 這類的抗憂鬱藥物，且 SSRI 可通過胎盤，因此，胎兒無可避免地將會暴露在此藥物之中。許多研究發現，胎兒如果在出生前後接觸到 SSRI 會造成其神經系統的異常。但是，目前還沒有直接的證據證明，這些異常是因為 SSRI 使胎兒腦中的血清素 (5-HT) 濃度改變而造成的。另一方面，胚胎時期接觸 SSRI 對成年個體的影響亦屬未知。因此，本實驗想要了解在新生早期接觸百憂解 (Fluoxetine，一種廣泛使用的 SSRI) 對於成年大鼠的行為及血清素系統之發育的影響。從大鼠出生當天 (P0) 開始至第四天 (P4)，將百憂解以 20 mg/kg/day 之劑量，以皮下注射的方式打入新生大鼠體內。在大鼠兩個月時，觀察驚跳反應 (startle reflex response)，並用高效液相層析法 (HPLC) 分析大鼠腦中 5-HT 的濃度，在內側額葉皮質 (medial prefrontal cortex，mPFC)、體感覺皮質 (somatosensory cortex) 及脊髓 (spinal cord) 等區域在大鼠 P7、P14、一個月、兩個月、四個月及大於六個月等時間點是否受到百憂解的影響。另外，利用西方墨點法及免疫組織化學方法檢測在生成 5-HT 路徑中的重要酵素色胺酸水解酶 (tryptophan hydroxylase，TPH) 在中腦縫核 (raphe nuclei) 中的表現。最後，我們重構與驚跳反應相關的 mPFC 中之神經細胞的形態。結果發現，新生早期接觸百憂解的大鼠在兩個月大時有異常的驚跳反應。大腦中 5-HT 的變化則發生在 P14 之前，而 TPH 表現則無顯著差異。形態方面，早期接觸百憂解使得 mPFC 中第二、三層的錐狀神經細胞的樹突分枝增多。本研究顯示，新生早期接觸百憂解僅使得大鼠腦中 5-HT 濃度短暫改變，這仍可能影響日後 TPH 的表現，並進一步影響 mPFC 中第二、三層的錐狀神經細胞的形態，最後影響成年後之驚跳反應。A significant amount of pregnant women takes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) class antidepressant during their pregnancy. Since SSRIs can pass through the blood-placenta-barrier, the developing fetuses are inescapable to the drug. Many lines of research have shown that perinatal exposure to SSRIs result in persistent abnormalities in the nervous system. However, there is no direct evidence showing these abnormalities are linked to the change of brain serotonin levels caused by SSRI. And, few studies have addressed the longer effects on adult individual caused by perinatal SSRI exposure. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of neonatal exposure to fluoxetine, a commonly prescribed SSRI, on the adult behavioral changes and the developing serotonergic system. Normal saline or fluoxetine (20 mg/kg/day) were subcutaneously injected into rat pups from the day of birth (P0) to postnatal day 4 (P4). At two months (2m) of age, we investigated the sensorimotor gating function of adult rats, by performing an animal behavioral test, prepulse inhibition of startle reflex response. Furthermore, we determined the levels of brain serotonin and other monoamines in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), somatosensory cortex (SSC), and spinal cord (Spc) of control and fluoxetine-treated rats at ages of P7, P14, 1m, 2m, 4m, and 6m by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, we examined the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, in the raphe nuclei by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Lastly, we reconstructed the pyramidal neurons in layer II/III of medial prefrontal cortex, which are associated with startle reflex response. Our results demonstrated that neonatal fluoxetine exposure causes affected startle reflex response in adulthood (2m). The changes of serotonin levels mainly occurred before P14, however, the developmental patterns of TPH expression were left unchanged statistically. In morphology aspect, neonatal fluoxetine exposure increased the complexity of dendritic arbors of pyramidal neurons in the layer II/III mPFC. To conclude, although the brain serotonin levels are only transiently affected, it may lead to altered TPH expression and morphology of layer II/III mPFC neurons in later life
The nomenclature of the lycophyte species Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (Huperziaceae)
No full textIn 1982, Ren Chang Ching twice described the same lycophyte species under the names Lycopodium mingcheense (published in April; the original "minchegense" spelling being a correctable error) and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (published in May). Phlegmariurus mingcheensis cannot be taken as a combination based on Lycopodium mingcheense because in the original publication a different holotype was indicated and the name Lycopodium mingcheense was not mentioned. The correct names for this species in Huperzia, Lycopodium, and Phlegmariurus are Huperzia mingcheensis (Ching) Holub (basionym: Phlegmariurus mingcheensis), Lycopodium mingcheense Ching, and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching, respectively. The recent lectotypification of the name Lycopodium mingcheense using P.S. Chiu 2069 (PE) was redundant since this specimen was clearly indicated as the holotype in Ching's original publication. The recent new name Phlegmariurus mingjoui X.C. Zhang is an illegitimate superfluous name
[[alternative]]A Study on Hsueh- hai Academy in Ching Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]This study is based on the political, economical and social situation in northern Taiwan in Ching Dynasty. The main purpose of this paper is to study the ebb and flow, organizational system and the effect of Hsueh-hai Academy by the local gazette, the official documents, the works of elites, the genealogy（tzu-p'u）in the Ching Dynasty and Archive of the Office of Governor-General and newspapers under the Japanese ruling.
The main findings of this study are as follows:
1. Hsueh-hai Academy was founded in reign Tao- kuang when the development of northern Taiwan had some attainments, but the people scrambled for money, were indulgent in luxurious and expensive habits, acted violently but run short of culture and education. The local officers set into action and elites donated to Hsueh-hai Academy. It has stood on Meng-chia for fifty-two years. Under the Japanese ruling, it has been changed to military dormitory, temporary office and Affiliated School of National Language School and traditional private school. Finally, Hsueh-hai Academy was bought by the Kao’s family as an ancestral temple.
2. According to the purpose and teaching content, Hsueh-hai Academy was a Academy for preparing imperial examination. Its organization tended to be bureaucratic. About the budget, its income came from official subsidy and non-governmental donations, but it’s not steady. On Campus, it was a courtyard with houses on four sides showing the Confucian spirit and ideal. The instruction of this Academy was more positive, and metaphor was used to inspire and advise students. Besides, it sponsored the students to take part in imperial examination. Chu-tzu was worshiped at Hsueh-hai Academy, which expensed most of the budget.
3. The students of Hsueh-hai Academy had contribution on culture, education, society and politics. No matter in Ching Dynasty or under the Japanese ruling, they exerted themselves to culture and education more than other aspects. Hsueh-hai Academy not only promoted dynamic social mobility but also enhanced the rate of literacy in northern Taiwan. In Taipei, the process of development that education was the same as that of economy. The farther location from Meng-chia, the fewer of Confucian scholar passed imperial examination. Hsueh-hai Academy was an important institution that cultivated the elites who changed the customs and habits in northern Taiwan.
Key words: Hsueh-hai Academy, Taiwan Academy, Meng-chia.
Bogolon-mediated light absorption in atomic condensates of different dimensionality
No full textIn the case of structureless bosons, cooled down to low temperatures, the absorption of electromagnetic waves by their Bose-Einstein condensate is usually forbidden due to the momentum and energy conservation laws: the phase velocity of the collective modes of the condensate called bogolons is sufficiently lower than the speed of light. Thus, only the light scattering processes persist. However, the situation might be different in the case of composite bosons or the bosons with an internal structure. Here, we develop a microscopic theory of electromagnetic power absorption by a Bose–Einstein condensates of cold atoms in various dimensions, utilizing the Bogoliubov model of a weakly-interacting Bose gas. Thus, we address the transitions between a collective coherent state of bosons and the discrete energy levels corresponding to excited internal degrees of freedom of non-condensed individual bosons. It is shown, that such transitions are mediated by one and two-bogolon excitations above the condensate, which demonstrate different efficiency at different frequencies and strongly depend on the condensate density, which influence varies depending on the dimensionality of the system. © 2023, The Author(s).11Nsciescopu
Pentiptycene Chemistry: New Pentiptycene Building Blocks Derived from Pentiptycene Quinones
No full textDistributed human computation framework for linked data co-reference resolution
Get PDFDistributed Human Computation (DHC) is a technique used to solve computational problems by incorporating the collaborative effort of a large number of humans. It is also a solution to AI-complete problems such as natural language processing. The Semantic Web with its root in AI is envisioned to be a decentralised world-wide information space for sharing machine-readable data with minimal integration costs. There are many research problems in the Semantic Web that are considered as AI-complete problems. An example is co-reference resolution, which involves determining whether different URIs refer to the same entity. This is considered to be a significant hurdle to overcome in the realisation of large-scale Semantic Web applications. In this paper, we propose a framework for building a DHC system on top of the Linked Data Cloud to solve various computational problems. To demonstrate the concept, we are focusing on handling the co-reference resolution in the Semantic Web when integrating distributed datasets. The traditional way to solve this problem is to design machine-learning algorithms. However, they are often computationally expensive, error-prone and do not scale. We designed a DHC system named iamResearcher, which solves the scientific publication author identity co-reference problem when integrating distributed bibliographic datasets. In our system, we aggregated 6 million bibliographic data from various publication repositories. Users can sign up to the system to audit and align their own publications, thus solving the co-reference problem in a distributed manner. The aggregated results are published to the Linked Data Cloud
Mapping the Discipline of the Olympic Games An Author-Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFThe authors conducted an author cocitation analysis on prominent authors writing about the Olympics during the 1990s. Author cocitation is an established bibliometric technique that can be used to measure the relative similarities of topics written about by the cited authors. This enables a visual representation of the “intellectual space” of the discipline, in this case the Olympics, to be created for the period under review. So core and peripheral research areas are identified, along with their major contributors. The representation appears as a two-dimensional cluster-enhanced map. Subject expertise was then applied to the results to place labels on the generated clusters of authors and their topics
FIGURES 12–15. 12, 13 in Review of the East-Asian genus Reticulaphis (Aphididae: Hormaphidinae), with two new species
No full textFIGURES 12–15. 12, 13. Reticulaphis rotifera apterous adults, (12) alive; (13) dorsal view. 14, 15. Reticulaphis septica apterous adults, (14) alive; (15) dorsal view.Published as part of Yeh, Hsin-Ting, Ko, Chiun-Cheng & Hsu, Tung-Ching, 2008, Review of the East-Asian genus Reticulaphis (Aphididae: Hormaphidinae), with two new species, pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 1782 on page 45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27431
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