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The Formation,Operation and Characteristics of A Legal System- Based on the Perspectives of Niklas Luhmann's System Theory
No full text摘 要
本論文根據盧曼系統理論的觀點，以簡明清晰的文字，輔以撰者繪製之圖形，闡明分析法律系統的形成、運作與特色。
首先，撰者從盧曼的動態系統觀切入，簡述系統、環境與世界的關係；分析宛如一個有機體般的系統，如何封閉地運作，同時又開放地接受環境輸入的訊息。並且，系統藉著自我指涉，及區分的運作，發揮系統化約複雜性的功能。
社會系統，以溝通作為最基本的元素。儘管社會系統中充滿著各種可能性、諸多偶變性，各個功能次系統仍然發展出特有的二元符碼，可以有效地運作區分，隱藏住弔詭，循環運作系統的再生產，發揮此系統特殊的功能。系統做出結構選擇之後，會在自我指涉與自我再生產的過程中，彌補期待的落差，整合發生的歧異，將系統的元素及結構，再度穩定下來，完成系統的演化過程。
法律的定義，是「規範的期待之一致的一般化」。法律藉由合法與非合法二元符碼，預先標明規範的標準，降低社會生活中的風險，避免了衝突的發生；所以，法律系統處理規範預期的落差，也標明社會結構中可能發生的結構性風險，成為溝通據以發生的參照基準，規範了社會的秩序。
法律文本是法律系統的結構，包括法律教義學的內容，及法律用語的含意，是法律系統進行自我指涉的重要範本；用來區辨環境中輸入的溝通，在法律上的指稱及意義，在確認其解釋後，運作區分，才能轉化為法律系統可以接受的溝通，輸入法律系統中，進行再生產。
因為法律文本具有涵義自身的特徵，使得法律系統的自我指涉簡化，並且可能。對法律文本的解釋與重構，都屬於第一階的觀察；法律論證則是一種二階的觀察，是法律系統中一種特殊的論證方式。當溝通中發生如何解釋、區分及運作文本的問題時，就有必要以這種二階觀察，探求規範的解釋適用。
盧曼強調以引入的重複性來選擇訊息，進行法律論證，並且透過這種區分方式，看守系統與環境的界線，維持系統的一體性。以這種區分方式，從諸多複雜訊息中，挑選出法律論證的理由，也使公平正義等法律概念，成為法律決定的依據，並且穩定的運作，達成系統的實證性功能。目 錄
第一章 前言 …………..…………………………...1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
一、 研究動機
二、 研究目的
第二節 盧曼的生平與著作 5
一、 盧曼的生平
二、 盧曼的著作
第三節 研究方法與途徑 9
一、 文獻分析法
二、 歷史法
第四節 論文架構與章節安排 11
第二章 盧曼的系統理論…………………………13
第一節 系統、環境與世界 13
一、 盧曼的系統理論
二、 系統、環境與世界
第二節 偶變性與複雜性化約 20
一、 偶變性
二、 複雜性化約
第三節 自我再生與自我指涉 22
一、 自我再生系統
二、 自我指涉
第四節 弔詭及二元符碼化 26
一、 弔詭
二、 二元符碼化
第三章 法律系統的形成 ……………..…….....31
第一節 溝通與思維 31
一、 溝通
二、 思維
第二節 法律系統的形成與演化 40
一、 法律系統的形成
二、 法律的演化
第三節 法律的分歧化 47
一、 社會的功能分化
二、 法律的功能分化
第四章 法律系統的運作…………….……..……53
第一節 意義與文本 53
一、 意義
二、 文本
第二節 法律的自我再生 56
一、 法律結構
二、 法律系統的自我再生
第三節 法律的自我指涉 63
一、 自我觀察
二、 區別的運作
三、 法律的自我指涉
第四節 屠布涅的超循環理論 70
一、 超循環理論
二、 自我再生
第五章 法律系統的特色 ………..………………77
第一節 一體性 77
第二節 實證性 80
一、 規範實證
二、 實證主體
第六章 結論 .….....................................................84
參考文獻 …………………………………………....89
圖目錄
圖2-1 系統圖 18
圖2-2 社會系統與環境全圖 19
圖2-3 系統訊息的自我指涉與再生 23
圖2-4 二元區分的運作 29
圖3-1 溝通單元圖 34
圖3-2 溝通反覆運行模型 35
圖3-3 社會系統與心理系統 38
圖3-4 認知與規範期待落差圖 42
圖3-5 法律的演化動態過程圖 46
圖3-6 社會諸次系統的功能分化 49
圖4-1 意義與文本 55
圖4-2 刑法之區別運作 60
圖4-3 區分之再引入 65
圖4-4 法律超循環系統 73
圖6-1 動態的系統 8
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