1,721,000 research outputs found

    Nicotine-related interpretation biases in cigarette smoking individuals

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    Abstract Addictive behaviors are characterized by information processing biases, including substance-related interpretation biases. In the field of cigarette smoking, such biases have not been investigated yet. The present study thus adopted an open-ended scenario approach to measure smoking-related interpretation biases. Individuals who smoke, those who ceased smoking, and those without a smoking history (total sample N = 177) were instructed to generate spontaneous continuations for ambiguous, open-ended scenarios that described either a smoking-related or neutral context. Overall, people who smoke generated more smoking-related continuations in response to smoking-relevant situations than non-smoking individuals or people who had stopped smoking, providing evidence for a smoking-related interpretation bias. When differentiating for situation type within smoking-relevant scenarios, smoking individuals produced more smoking-related continuations for positive/social and habit/addictive situations compared to negative/affective ones. Additionally, the tendency to interpret habit/addictive situations in a smoking-related manner was positively associated with cigarette consumption and levels of nicotine dependence. Exploratory analyses indicated that other substance-related continuations were correlated with their respective behavioral counterparts (e.g., the level of self-reported alcohol or caffeine consumption). The present study is the first to demonstrate smoking-related interpretation biases in relation to current cigarette smoking. Future studies should investigate the causal role of such biases in the initiation and/or maintainance of nicotine addiction and the merit of Interpretation-Bias-Modification training to support smoking cessation

    Neurale Korrelate der erotischen Stimulusverarbeitung bei Frauen unter Berücksichtigung endokriner und dispositioneller Faktoren

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    Die kognitive Verarbeitung von erotischen Reizen hat, zahlreichen theoretischen Modellen zufolge, bedeutsame Implikationen für sexuelles Wohlbefinden und die Entstehung sexueller Funktionsstörungen. Dennoch ist bislang wenig darüber bekannt, welche Bedeutung endokrine und dispositionelle Faktoren für die erotische Stimulusverarbeitung haben, obgleich ihr potenzieller Einfluss auf die sexuelle Gesundheit vielfältig diskutiert wird. Um diese Forschungslücke zu adressieren, wurde im vorliegenden Dissertationsprojekt der Zusammenhang ausgewählter endokriner und dispositioneller Faktoren mit neuralen Korrelaten der emotionalen und erotischen Stimulusverarbeitung untersucht. Die neurale Ansprechbarkeit wurde dabei mittels ereigniskorrelierter Potentiale (EKPs) erfasst. Diese stimulusgekoppelten Potentialveränderungen im Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) konnten in vorherigen Untersuchungen mit spezifischen kognitiven und emotional-motivationalen Prozessen in Verbindung gebracht werden, wodurch sich ihre besondere Eignung für die Erfassung der Stimulusverarbeitung ergibt. Aufgrund der weiten Verbreitung oraler hormoneller Kontrazeptiva (OHK) und ihrem inhärenten Einfluss auf die weibliche Sexualität widmete sich die erste Publikation möglichen Veränderungen der subjektiven und neuralen Verarbeitung emotionaler und erotischer Stimuli unter OHK-Einnahme. Die Ergebnisse offenbarten keine Unterschiede zwischen freizyklierenden Frauen und Verwenderinnen von OHK bezüglich der subjektiven Valenz- und Arousaleinschätzung erotischer, positiver oder neutraler Stimuli. Auch unterschieden sich die Gruppen nicht hinsichtlich früher oder später EKPs. Die frühe posteriore Negativierung (EPN) war dabei als Marker für frühe, selektive Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse erhoben worden, das späte positive Potential (LPP) als Indikator für die mit einem Stimulus verbundene motivationale Salienz und Annäherungsmotivation. Innerhalb der Gruppe der OHK-Verwenderinnen zeigten sich Unterschiede zwischen aktiven und inaktiven Phasen des Einnahmeschemas. Die LPP-Amplitudendifferenz zwischen erotischen und neutralen Stimuli fiel innerhalb der siebentätigen Pillenpause und zu Beginn eines neuen Pillenblisters geringer aus als in der Mitte des 21-tätigen aktiven Einnahmephase. Dieser Befund lässt sich vor dem Hintergrund hormoneller Veränderungen zu Beginn bzw. am Ende des Einnahmerhythmus erklären. Grundlage der zweiten Publikation bildete das von John Bancroft und Erick Janssen vorgestellte duale Kontrollmodell (DKM) zur Beschreibung interindividueller Unterschiede in sexuellen Reaktionen. Hier zeigte sich ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen der sexuellen Inhibition und der selbstberichteten sexuellen Funktion. Außerdem ergab sich für die neurale Ansprechbarkeit auf erotische Reize eine signifikante Interaktion zwischen Inhibitions- und Exzitationstendenzen. Eine stärkere Neigung zur sexuellen Inhibition ging mit geringeren LPP-Amplituden in Reaktion auf erotische Stimuli einher. Die Stärke dieses Zusammenhangs war jedoch reduziert bei Frauen, die gleichzeitig von einer ausgeprägten Exzitationsneigung berichteten. Dieser Befund kann als Beleg für das von Bancroft und Janssen propagierte dynamische Zusammenspiel von Exzitations- und Inhibitionstendenzen interpretiert werden. Zusammengefasst betonen die Ergebnisse beider Untersuchungen die besondere Bedeutung dispositioneller Faktoren für die erotische Stimulusverarbeitung. Der Einfluss endokriner Faktoren scheint dagegen komplexer und von vielen Faktoren abhängig zu sein, die im Rahmen der Arbeit diskutiert werden.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); ROR-ID:018mejw6

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

    Author Index

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    koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist

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    We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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