1,720,985 research outputs found
Possibilities of Integrating Public Law Restrictions to 3D Cadastres
No full textModern urban environment is characterized by intense vertical exploitation of real property. This has resulted in complex and interlocking structures, also reflecting to vertically overlapping real property rights, intensifying the need for 3D cadastral systems. Additionally, a significant number of Public Law Restrictions (PLRs), defined by an extensive field of laws related to land, are imposed on real property, due to the need of legally implementing public benefit, thus restricting the range of individual owners’ rights. This implies both their physical extent in 3D space and power to act on real property deriving from each right. During the years, it is essential that these restrictions need to be implemented, not only on land surface, but also in 3D space, in order to comply with the vertical expansion of structures. PLRs have considerable influence on Land Administration, as they directly affect land use, urban planning and management, land values, land titles’ credibility and every other activity related to land exploitation. The significance of PLRs in Land Administration and management has been recognised by various countries internationally. A wide variety of PLRs is documented including, inter alia, environment and nature protection, water protection, spatial and land use planning zones, cultural heritage, public infrastructure corridors and zones, public easements/servitudes, mining rights and related restrictions. Each country records different PLRs in various registries, data types and formats, while in some countries, PLRs can be overlaid to cadastral parcel data. However, there has been no significant change to legal and cadastral framework in order to adjust to the 3D reality of PLRs. Therefore, vertically overlapping PLRs are presented in 2D while their vertical extent can only be identified by reference to their relative legal documentation. Given the extent of vertically overlapping real properties along with the wide range of PLR imposed on them, it is clear that legal and cadastral framework under different jurisdictions would be more efficient in Land Administration if provided for 3D definition and modelling of PLRs. This paper aims to identify and present Public Law regulations with their 3D features and investigate their potential integration to cadastral systems. To this aim, cases of above and/or below land surface PLRs are examined, exploiting cadastral survey data compiled within the Greek legal framework. The outcomes of this research can be used by interested parties to allow for clarification of complex, overlapping Public Law defined legal spaces, 3D visualisation and 3D modelling
Public Law Restrictions in the Context of 3D Land Administration—Review on Legal and Technical Approaches
No full textIntense exploitation of land implies the development of multi-level, multi-purpose, overlap-ping and interlocking structures on 3D space, thus resulting in complex, stratified, 3D real property rights between individual owners, as well as restrictions. Legislation regulates the ownership status and use of land by imposing restrictions known as Public Law Restrictions (PLRs). PLRs extend to various fields and various legislative frameworks, such as the protection of archaeological sites, protection and maintenance of underground infrastructures and utilities, environmental protection, flying of unmanned air vehicles, etc. PLRs are usually investigated in the context of property rights and restrictions in the various Land Administration Systems worldwide, and do not often gain specific attention. However, it is noticed that the restrictions that arise from Public Law need to be investigated and classified, so that they can be better utilised in the property status of land ownership. This review paper investigates the legal statutes on PLRs within the context of 3D land administration and the stipulations used to provide unambiguous modelling of PLRs, as provided by the relative literature. Moreover, the PLRs applied in the 3D space, to clearly depict rights, restrictions and responsibilities on the relevant spatial unit (land, air, marine parcel, mine, utility network, etc.), are particularly examined. Therefore, this work is to critically review and assess the aforementioned approaches on PLRs’ registration, modelling and organisation, as provided by a literature survey, and provides an overall view of the requirements and challenges within the development of 3D Land Administration Systems also considering standardisation developments.GIS Technologi
Determining the “true” three-dimensional environmental impact of Public Law Restrictions
No full textThe needs of modern, heavily urbanised societies, require, on the one hand, the most efficient exploitation of land by individual stakeholders and, on the other hand, have set up a variety of restrictions and regulations for the public benefit. Such restrictions are steadily growing in number and apply in various areas. Given the technological development in the construction sector, complex proprietary relations emerge in overlapping private and public rights. Cadastres constitute the core of land administration systems, gradually evolving to development tools that provide multi-purpose land related information. Within this context, incorporation of Public Law Restrictions (PLRs) to cadastral systems is considered a step towards the development of integrated cadastral systems. Internationally, PLRs are registered in separate registries, using different types and formats, depending on the competent body. They include, among others, restrictions regarding environment and nature protection, water protection, spatial and land use planning zones, cultural heritage, public infrastructure corridors and zones, public easements/servitudes and mining rights. Until today 3D registration and visualisation of such PLRs is mostly discussed at research level, mainly due to the variety of scientific fields related to each PLR, the need of quantifying qualitative components or “translating” physical attributes to legal restrictions and 3D volumes, as well as to the variety of responsible authorities and types of regulations. This paper focuses on identifying PLRs that pertain either explicit or implicit 3D characteristics, emphasising on the PLRs related to the development of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) project. To this purpose, the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the Greek section of the pipeline has been used as input, to identify the 3D PLRs that affect the pipeline’s installation, as well as their impact on the rights of affected parcels. Based on the constraints and legal requirements provided by the ESIA report, this paper considers broader PLRs’ legislation issues at a national and international level, concerning environmental protection that is: soil and groundwater, protected areas, landscape protection, restrictions on private land parcels crossed by the pipeline, or intersection with other underground infrastructures. This paper continues the authors’ research on issues linking 3D Cadastre to Public Law. The outcomes of this research can be used to identify and classify the complexities of transforming qualitative features into spatial dimensions, thus contributing to the 3D modelling of overlapping legal spaces related to various Public Law restrictions
Contribution of Existing Documentation in 3D Cadastre
No full textOver the last decades, land exploitation is getting more intense in order to satisfy public and private needs of modern societies. The intensification of 3D space exploitation includes complicated rights, restrictions and responsibilities (RRRs) that need to be unambiguously registered. In this direction, the incorporation of 3D aspects of real property to cadastral systems may improve land administration systems, by reducing misinformation and clarifying complex property rights. To achieve this, current legislative and cadastral framework has to be adopted to the emerging needs, or 3D cadastral systems have to be introduced. During the course of time, each country has established a number of databases and registries for various purposes that maintain data describing 3D features of real property. Such data, although may not generate a full 3D cadastral system, can contribute, at some level, to 3D cadastral registration, clarifying complex real property situations. This paper investigates possibilities of extracting 3D property features from existing databases and registries, including availability, format and accuracy issues, taking into account national characteristics and international trends concerning harmonisation and interoperability issues. The investigation is implemented through two characteristic cases of complex property status in Greece that would greatly benefit from 3D representation, supported by existing documentation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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