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Customizing Products for Individual Buyers
No full textProizvod je sve ono što nekome možemo ponuditi da zadovolji njegovu potrebu ili želju. Proizvodi se mogu klasificirati prema trajnosti i prema tipu potrošača; prema trajnosti dijele se na potrošna i trajna dobra, a prema tipu potrošača na proizvode krajnje potrošnje i proizvode poslovne potrošnje. Obilježja proizvoda su dizajn, kvaliteta, marka, pakiranje/ambalaža i garancija i postprodajni servisi. Brzi tehnički napredak, kao i razvoj ljudskih potreba dovodi i do potrebe za novim proizvodima. Razvoj novih proizvoda je skup i zahtjevan proces gdje su rizici veliki, a odvija se u 6 faza: prikupljanje novih ideja, izbor ideja, razvoj novog proizvoda, analiza ekonomičnosti, testiranje novog proizvoda i uvođenje novog proizvoda. Svaki proizvod ima svoj životni ciklus tijekom kojeg se prati kretanje dobiti i prodaje, a etape su: razvoj, uvođenje, rast, zrelost i opadanje. Mjesto gdje se susreću ponuda i potražnja naziva se tržište, a kupcem se smatra primatelj usluga, robe, proizvoda ili ideje prodavača ili pružatelja usluge u zamjenu za novac ili druge vrijednosne usluge. Segmentacija tržišta je proces podjele tržišta u skupine u kojima su potrošači unutar skupine što sličniji, a razlike među skupinama što veće. Na taj se način povećava preciznost tvrtke u odabiru ciljnog tržišta jer se ono dijeli na manje segmente. Dobro razvijena strategija segmentacije poboljšava marketing i prodaju jer omogućuje razvoj posebnih proizvoda za kupce, pomaže u pronalaženju novih kupaca, pomaže u usklađivanju proizvođačkih kapaciteta i potrošačkih potreba i omogućuje uspješan razvoj novih proizvoda. Trgovina je gospodarska djelatnost kupnje i prodaje robe i/ili pružanja usluga u trgovini u svrhu ostvarivanja dobiti ili drugog gospodarskog učinka, na domaćem ili inozemnom tržištu i obavlja se kao trgovina na veliko i kao trgovina na malo. Gospodarski subjekt mora definirati svoja ciljna tržišta, shvatiti želje i potrebe svojih potrošača, odgovarati na njihove zahtjeve i pružiti im ono što trebaju. Prilagođavanje proizvoda pojedinačnom kupcu omogućuje ostvarenje više razine zadovoljstva kupaca jer prilagođeni proizvod na najbolji način zadovoljava individualnu želju ili potrebu, a zadovoljstvo kupaca je najvažniji marketinški cilj. Ostvarenje visoke razine zadovoljstva kupaca poduzeću omogućuje uspješno poslovanje i dugoročni opstanak na tržištu.The product is all that one can offer to satisfy consumers' wishes. Products can be classified according to their durability and the type of the consumer; according to durability, they are divided into consumable and durable goods, and according to the type of the consumer to the end-consumer products and products of business consumption. Product features are design, quality, brand, packaging, warranty, and post-sales services. Rapid technical advances, as well as the development of human needs, lead to the need for new products. The development of new products is a costly and demanding process where the risks are great, and it takes place in 6 stages: collecting new ideas, choosing ideas, developing a new product, analyzing cost-effectiveness, testing a new product, and introducing a new product. Each product has its own life cycle during which the flow of profit and sales is monitored, and the stages are: development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The place where the offer and demand meet is called the market, and the buyer is considered to be the recipient of the service, goods, product, the idea of the seller or the service provider in exchange for money or other value services. Market segmentation is a process of market division into groups where consumers within the group are as similar as possible and the differences between the groups are as large as possible. This increases the precision of the company in selecting the target market because it is divided into smaller segments. A well-developed segmentation strategy improves marketing and sales by enabling the development of special products for customers, helping to find new customers, to align production capacity and consumer needs, and enables successful development of new products. Trade is the economic activity of buying and selling goods and / or providing services in trade for the purpose of profit or other economic effect on the domestic or foreign markets which might be carried out as a wholesale and retail trade. Entrepreneurs must define their target markets, understand the wishes and needs of their consumers, respond to their demands, and provide them with what they need. Customizing a product to an individual customer enables a higher level of customer satisfaction because the customized product best meets the individual wish or need since the customer satisfaction is the pivotal marketing goal. Achieving a high level of customer satisfaction enables the company to successfully run its business and a long-term survival on the market
Istraživanje poučavanja temeljenog na zadatcima u udžbenicima engleskog kao stranog jezika u srednjim školama u Hrvatskoj
No full textOver the course of the years, theorists recognized a need for a language teaching method that concentrates on preparing learners for real-life situations they could encounter one day in the context of their target language. As a consequence, Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) was developed, which Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) then developed from. The latter became increasingly popular, as it was often described as being innovative and focusing on meaning and the students’ needs. Although it has become widely spread, confusions still arise on how exactly to define it and implement it in classrooms. Still, it is not negotiable that this method is very useful for teaching English as a foreign language. Then, it would be very useful to see how and if it can be found in textbooks used in Croatian high schools, given the fact that coursebooks are the pivotal materials for foreign language learning and teaching. For that reason, this study analysed the representation of TBLT in the coursebooks for the first graders of Croatian grammar schools, taking a look at the quantity of its examples and their characteristics – what they are like, what kind of input they relate to, and whether they entail some kind of pair work or group work. The results of the analysis indicated that there are not very many corresponding materials in the coursebooks analysed, as the textbooks mostly contain exercises focusing on form. What this means for the context of EFL teaching and learning is that there is a lot that can be done in order to improve these processes in Croatia. More items that relate to students’ needs can be incorporated into classes, as well as more materials can be provided that help the learners overcome circumstances they could be faced with anytime, in which applying the target language will be inevitable, not simply make them perform dull exercises very often.Tijekom godina, teoretičari su prepoznali potrebu za metodom poučavanja jezika koja se usredotočuje na pripremanje učenika za situacije koje bi jednog dana mogli susresti u stvarnom životu, u kontekstu njihova ciljnog jezika. Kao posljedica razvilo se poučavanje na temelju komunikacije, iz kojeg se kasnije razvilo poučavanje temeljeno na zadatcima. Kasnije spomenuta metoda postala je sve više popularna, a često ju se opisivalo kao inovativnu i isticalo kako joj je težište na značenju i potrebama učenika. Iako je postala široko korištena, još uvijek se pojavljuje zbunjenost po pitanju njezina definiranja i primjene u učionicama. Ipak, neupitno je to da je ova metoda jako korisna za poučavanje engleskom kao stranom jeziku. Shodno tomu, bilo bi vrlo korisno vidjeti kako i ako ju se može naći u udžbenicima koji su u upotrebi u hrvatskim srednjim školama, uzevši u obzir činjenicu da su udžbenici temeljni materijal za poučavanje stranom jeziku. Iz tog razloga ovo istraživanje analiziralo je prikaz poučavanja temeljenog na zadatcima u udžbenicima za prve razrede hrvatskih gimnazija, uzevši u obzir broj primjera i njihova obiježja – kakvi su, na kakve se materijale odnose te podrazumijevaju li neki oblik rada u paru ili skupini. Rezultati analize pokazali su da nema puno odgovarajućeg materijala u analiziranim udžbenicima s obzirom na to da spomenuti udžbenici većinom sadržavaju vježbe koje se usredotočuju na formu. Ono što ovo znači u kontekstu učenja i poučavanja stranom jeziku jest to da postoji još mnogo toga što se može učiniti kako bi se unaprijedio proces poučavanja engleskom kao stranom jeziku u Hrvatskoj. Više materijala koji se odnose na učeničke potrebe trebalo bi se uvrstiti u nastavu, kao i više materijala koji pomažu učenicima pripremiti se za situacije s kojima bi bilo kada mogli biti suočeni, a u kojima će korištenje ciljnog jezika biti neizbježno, a ne ih samo tjerati da rješavaju vrlo često jednolične vježbe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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