1,721,005 research outputs found
Helpful or harmful? An examination of the relationship between low- and no-calorie sweetener exposure and dietary intake and health
No full textBackground: Poor dietary patterns are a major contributor to chronic disease morbidity and mortality globally. Many governments and health authorities have implemented public health initiatives to improve dietary patterns, including by reducing added sugars intake. Replacing added sugars with low- and no-calorie sweeteners is becoming increasingly common, both in the food supply and by individuals. Although low- and no-calorie sweeteners approved for use are considered safe from a toxicological perspective, their long-term impacts on health and chronic disease risk are contested. Objectives: The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) summarize evidence from systematic reviews examining associations between consumption of low- and no-calorie sweeteners and chronic conditions and intermediate risk factors (Chapter 4); 2) develop a standardized approach to classify food codes used in nutrition surveillance in Canada as sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (Chapter 5); 3) estimate the proportion of individuals in Canada reporting the consumption of sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners or tabletop sweeteners on a given day (Chapter 6); 4) characterize the nutrition profiles of sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (Chapter 6); and 5) assess diet quality in relation to the probability of consuming low- and no-calorie sweeteners among individuals in Canada (Chapter 7). Methods and results: Chapter 4 presents a rapid review of systematic reviews of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials and observational studies investigating associations between low- and no-calorie sweetener consumption and health outcomes and intermediate risk factors in adults and children. The search strategy returned 409 results, 25 of which met the eligibility criteria and underwent quality appraisal using the AMSTAR-2 assessment tool. Data from nine systematic reviews assessed as high- or moderate-quality were included in the narrative synthesis. Randomized controlled trials tended to report no association or beneficial impacts of consumption, whereas non-randomized trials and other observational studies observed no association or negative impacts on outcomes of interest, such as type 2 diabetes. There was limited evidence examining associations between consumption of sweeteners and diet quality. Chapters 5, 6, and 7 drew on 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey—Nutrition Public Use Microdata File (2015 CCHS—Nutrition). In Chapter 5, a classification system was developed to categorize food codes used to code the 24-hour recalls as sources of sweeteners. First, food code descriptions were reviewed for confirmatory keywords, such as “low-calorie sweetener,” and possible source keywords, such as “diet.” Food codes with descriptions containing confirmatory keywords were categorized as sources, whereas those with descriptions containing possible source keywords progressed to step two. In step two, the descriptions for matching food codes in the U.S. Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies were examined for confirmatory keywords. In step 3, the remaining possible sources were assessed using an online search of grocery store websites. A total of 76 food codes (1.5%) were classified as sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners and 46 recipe codes used in the 2015 CCHS—Nutrition contained sources as ingredients. Steps 2 and 3 identified 41 food code sources not identified by Step 1 alone. In Chapter 6, the classification system was applied to recall data for individuals aged 1 year and above living in the Canadian provinces. The proportions reporting consumption of at least one source on a given day were estimated overall and by age, sex, household income, and self-reported diabetes status. Commonly reported sources were examined by age group, and the nutritional profiles of sources were examined relative to the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide. About one in 10 children aged 1-13 years (8.4%, 95% CI: 6.6, 10.2) and adolescents aged 14-18 years (10.7%, 95% CI: 7.6, 13.8) and one in five adults (19.8%, 95% CI: 16.2, 23.4) 19 years and above consumed sources of sweeteners on a given day. Among adults with diabetes, four in 10 (42.4%, 95% CI: 36.1, 48.7) consumed a source of low- and no-calorie sweeteners on a given day compared to approximately one in five (18.2%, 95% CI: 14.2, 22.0) who did not report having diabetes. Foods sweetened with low- and no-calorie sweeteners were more frequently consumed than beverages among children and adolescents (children: 5.5% (95% CI: 4.0, 7.0) vs. 3.1% (95% CI: 2.3, 3.9), respectively; adolescents: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.4, 9.1) vs. 4.1% (95% CI: 2.8, 5.4)), whereas adults consumed beverages more frequently than foods (10.9% (95% CI: 7.6, 14.2) vs. 7.7% (95% CI, 7.0, 8.4), respectively). On a given day, 4% of adults consumed tabletop sweeteners; estimates for children and adolescents were not reported due to small sample sizes. Diet sodas were the most frequently consumed beverage source across all three age groups. Yogurts were the most frequently consumed food source among children, whereas meal replacements, including protein powders, were the most frequently consumed food source among adolescents and adults. No food codes classified as sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners were considered ‘foundational’ according to the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide Food Classification System. In Chapter 7, diet quality, measured using the 2019 Healthy Eating Food Index (HEFI-2019), was assessed in relation to the probability of consuming sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners among respondents aged 2 years and older, overall and by sex and diabetes status. Higher HEFI-2019 scores, which represent closer alignment with the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide, were calculated based on simulated distributions of usual intakes estimated using the National Cancer Institute’s multivariate Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Variables (e.g. vegetables and fruit, free sugars) used to arrive at HEFI-2019 scores were modelled jointly with a variable indicating an individual’s probability to consume low- and no-calorie sweeteners on a recall day; probabilities of consumption were expressed as quintiles. There was weak evidence (P=0.08) of lower (-6.1 points, 95% CI: -13.1, 0.8) HEFI-2019 total scores among children aged 2 to 13 with the highest probability of consuming low- and no-calorie sweeteners (i.e. quintile 5) compared to children with the lowest probability. Among males 14 years of age and above, there was moderate evidence (P=0.04) of higher (4.6 points, 95% CI: 0.1, 9.1) HEFI-2019 total scores among those with the highest probability of consuming low- and no-calorie sweeteners compared to those with the lowest probability. There was no evidence of meaningful differences in HEFI-2019 total sores in relation to probability of consuming sources of low- and no-calorie sweeteners among females aged 14 years and above or among adults 19 years and above with and without diabetes. Conclusion: This dissertation makes several contributions to the evidence to inform policies related to low- and no-calorie sweeteners in Canada. First, the inconsistent associations between the use of sweeteners and health in the literature contribute to differing dietary guidance across health authorities. This lack of clarity on how and by whom low- and no-calorie sweeteners should be consumed emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring of population-level consumption patterns. Second, this dissertation presents a standardized approach to identifying sweetener sources in Canada’s national food composition database, enabling consistent classification across studies. Third, for the first time, evidence on population-level exposure to low- and no-calorie sweeteners from foods, beverages, and tabletop sweeteners in Canada and associations between diet quality and the probability of consuming low- and no-calorie sweeteners can inform healthy eating policies, such as Canada’s Healthy Eating Strategy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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