1,720,964 research outputs found
Transactions: A New Look at Service Sector Foreign Direct Investment in Asia
Get PDFThis paper presents new micro-level data consisting of individual greenfield investment projects and mergers and acquisitions as a source for detailed analysis of service sector cross-border investment flows among the Asian Development Bank (ADB) regional members. The new transactional foreign direct investment (FDI) data are methodologically distinct from traditional BPM5- compliant FDI data but found to yield generally comparable aggregates, when compared with the latest available International Monetary Fund (IMF) data from the Comprehensive Direct Investment Survey for the ADB regional members. The service sectors are found to receive considerably larger amounts of foreign investment, when compared with the Asian region's manufacturing and raw materials sectors. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries account for roughly three-quarters of total recorded inward service sector FDI of about $2 trillion, relatively evenly split between the United States, the EU-27, and regional OECD-level-income countries. The presence of sizable regional "upward flowing" service sector investments into OECD-level- income economies is verified. Preliminary policy conclusions are drawn based on the new transactional FDI data results concerning prospects for regional service sector liberalization, threshold income levels for inward service sector FDI, upward-flowing regional services FDI, and preferred modes of service sector investments
Ukraine: European democracy's affordable arsenal
No full textEuropean NATO members must raise defence spending by enough to deter through strength an irredentist Russia. This must be done possibly without the United States and when ageing populations demand higher social spending. Raising defence spending to sufficient levels could result in a doubling of current primary deficits to just over 3 percent of GDP on average. This seems likely to be a fiscally unattainable goal for this group of countries. European NATO members, in addition to their quantitative defence spending challenge, face the qualitative challenge of significantly increasing their outlays on new modern military equipment, especially drones, to credibly deter Russia. This will require all European NATO members to significantly increase investments in their domestic and regional military-industrial capacities. While its armed forces are physically defending their country against Russia's onslaught, Ukraine is transforming gradually into a very large, advanced and cost-competitive military equipment and weapons producer. Through the so-called 'Danish Model', individual European Union and NATO members are already actively funding Ukrainian defence production, helping it to help itself against Russia. Much more focus should be put on Ukraine's ability, if fully integrated with the military-industrial sector in the rest of Europe, to produce much of the modern military equipment wanted by itself and the rest of Europe. This Policy Brief shows how Ukraine already produces drones and modern howitzers, arguably the two most important weapons in defensive warfare today, at prices well below those achieved by other Western military suppliers. The EU, with a fully integrated and funded Ukrainian military-industrial sector, will have the capacity to produce much of the cost-competitive military equipment it will need in future, while continuing to fund its welfare systems. To facilitate this development, the EU must in all defence and military-related matters begin treating Ukraine immediately as a full EU member
New Avenues for Empirical Analysis of Cross-Border Investments: An Application for the ASEAN Members and Middle and Low Income Country Outward Investments
Get PDFThis thesis presents a new innovative data collection methodology and analysis of cross-border foreign direct investment (FDI) from middle and low income countries. Special emphasis is given to FDI in the ASEAN region.
Responding to the dearth of available detailed FDI data for non-OECD countries from traditional macroeconomic sources in the official sector, this thesis presents a new detailed microeconomic transactional dataset for the analysis of cross-border investments based on individual greenfield investments and mergers and acquisitions (M&A). The transactional dataset constructed is considerably more detailed in country-, sector-, and mode of investment than existing alternative FDI data sources. This enables far more detailed descriptive analysis of FDI trends to be carried out for middle and low income countries, and the ASEAN membership in particular.
This thesis presents a new and more detailed version of the directional 4-type FDI typology from Ramamurthy and Singh (2009), and empirical findings concerning the directions, sectors and modes of investment of outward FDI from middle and low income countries. When measured in dollars invested and number of transactions, up to around half of outward FDI from middle and low income countries is found to flow upwards into economies generally more – and often much more – advanced than the country of origin. New descriptive empirical results show that outward FDI from middle and low income countries tend not to follow factor endowment driven investment hypotheses, or predictions of investments in countries of similar economic development (except among the lowest income country investors). Instead, the descriptive results suggest that middle and low income country outward investors are predominantly driven by firm-level incentives to try to obtain new technologies, market access or economies of scale. The results indicate that middle and low income country outward investors should consequently predominantly be analyzed like other multinationals from advanced economies.
Probabilistic probit/tobit regression analysis of a partial dataset verifies that the most powerful investment motivations among middle and low income country investors are to try to enter far more advanced economies early in origin country development, and to seek to take control over assets in advanced economies through M&A
The macroeconomic impact of ageing, EU immigration policy and pension expenditures
No full textThe European Union population is ageing increasingly rapidly, with dependency ratios and shares of the elderly in the total population rising across the continent. While aggregate projected increases in age-related public spending in the EU are manageable, there are substantial differences between EU countries. A low probability of a sustained rebound in fertility rates effectively leaves the EU with continuingly high positive net-migration levels as the only route to mitigate the economic effects of ageing. EU potential growth rates are set to fall, driven down by shrinking labour forces and likely slowing total factor productivity, adding to the fiscal challenges from an ageing population. Facing slowing growth and rising fiscal costs from ageing, and with only net migration as a possible offsetting policy lever, it is particularly economically important for EU countries to ensure that inward migration leads to a positive net contribution to public finances. Evidence from several member states suggests this requires the share of employment-based migration in total migration to be increased, and shares of asylum and family-based migration in particular to be reduced. Divergent but rising EU public pension costs across member states arise from different replacement rates, expected years in retirement and life expectancies at high ages. Overall, retiring baby-boomer generations in the EU look set to enjoy longer lives in retirement than either their parents or children, though diverging life expectancies across the income distribution makes it complicated to raise average retirement ages in many EU countries. Differences in the degree of reliance on private pre-funded pension schemes in the EU impact the financial market and sustainability implications of pension schemes, while needed pension reforms must, for equity reasons, also take into account gender and coverage differentials among the covered populations. Lastly, ageing populations will put additional pressure on long-term care worker supply, with only limited scope for robotic substitution
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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