1,720,966 research outputs found
The implications of globalisation on South African gender and economy : a computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis
Get PDFThesis (PhD (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2008.<p.Using a Computable General Equilibrium model, this study analyses the effects of globalisation on gender and the South African economy, disaggregated into 49 sectors. The analysis assesses the effects of three policies: full trade liberalisation, increased productivity, and liberalisation under Doha Round commitments. Trade liberalisation results in contraction of import-competing, labour-intensive sectors, resulting in job losses. Some losses are offset by increased employment demand in expanding export-oriented and service sectors. All skill types, particularly unskilled women, witness growth of employment, hence improved earnings. Skilled men gain the most and unskilled women the least due to their initial lower wages, greater job losses in women-intensive sectors and relocation to low-paying positions. Economy-wide productivity is expansionary, resulting in increased employment demand and earnings of all skill types for men and women, with skilled men gaining the most. A productivity rise directed at only a few sectors contributes to job losses for all skill types, but as efficient sectors expand, inputs are demanded from linked and service sectors, leading to overall economic improvement hence economy-wide job creation which offset job losses. If world prices in agriculture increase under the Doha Round, production and exports of agricultural commodities such as maize increase, resulting in employment demand of all skill types for men and women, who relocate from mining and manufacturing to the profitable agricultural sector. The benefits however will follow the extent of price rise due to offsetting domestic policy of tariff reduction, coupled with the abolished policies of domestic support and subsidies. Doha results in a slight impact at the aggregate level. Globalisation improves household welfare, where high-income households gain from ownership of capital and skilled labour, while poor-households gain from employment growth of unskilled labour and reduced domestic prices enabled by cheap imports. Where globalisation results in increased employment for women, even unskilled women, who earn far less than their skilled counterparts, report greater autonomy and sense of an improved personal and household decision-making. Therefore, promoting greater job remuneration and equity between genders require appropriate education, training and collective-bargaining so as to reverse gender setbacks hence enabling full participation of all in a globalised economy.EconomicsPhDunrestricte
The general equilibrium effects of a productivity increase on the economy and gender in South Africa
Get PDFThis study utilises a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to examine the effects of
economy-wide (SIM 1) and partial (SIM 2) productivity increases on the economy, gender
employment, wages, income and welfare in South Africa. The model has 49 sectors, 14
household categories, and 2 primary inputs. SIM 1 results in ‘output’ led employment
demand and increased earnings for all skill types of men and women. Skilled men benefits
more than others in most sectors. Under SIM 2, productivity has negative employment impact
of all skills mostly in labour-intensive sectors. Some displaced labour relocates to expanded
export-orientation and service sectors resulting in increased economy-wide jobs and
earnings. Unskilled women earnings, however, decline because they are concentrated in lowpaying
positions. In addition, productivity improves household’s welfare due to reduced
commodity prices and improved earnings
The Role of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Financially Supporting Employed Women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Case Study of CRDB Workers SACCOS
Get PDFSavings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOS) are financial cooperatives that aim to meet the financial needs of different population segments, including women, men, or other specified categories. The primary role of these financial institutions is to improve the socio-economic development of their registered members and the community at large. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of SACCOS on women\u27s financial accessibility, specifically focusing on those working with the Cooperative Rural Development Bank (CRDB) in Dar es Salaam. The research was grounded in Agency Theory and Stakeholder Theory. A descriptive research design was employed, and quantitative analysis was performed. A sample of 80 respondents was randomly selected from a population of 1,700 members of the CRDB workers’ SACCOs. The study utilized observation, surveys, and questionnaires. Secondary data sources included newspapers, journal articles, books, SACCO manuals, and authoritative internet sources. Simple descriptive methods were used to present the study\u27s results, while percentages were used to highlight numerical patterns. Quantitative data was analyzed using Excel. The results showed that over 77% of SACCO\u27s female members experienced better socio-economic conditions compared to non-members. The study recognized that quick access to finance through SACCO services significantly improved the standard of living, particularly for women. Although these women work with the bank, SACCO services have enabled them to access more finance than they would typically qualify for through the bank. However, SACCOs face several constraints, including poor management, lack of training opportunities for members, high-interest rates, and societal perceptions of women (segregation). These factors have presented challenges to the performance of SACCOs. The study recommends that members receive training on how to improve the performance of SACCOs to better leverage the services provided. In general, the government should amend and enforce policies related to governance, financial management, and the proper management of accounting and strategies that strengthen SACCOs. This would enhance their ability to support women’s access to finance, leading to improved socio-economic development
Evaluation of Avocado Production and Export as a Source of Prosperity to Smallholder Farmers: A Case of Wanging’ombe District Mdandu Division, Tanzania
Get PDFThis article is intended to assess the extent of avocado production and export as a source of prosperity for smallholder farmers in Wanging’ombe District, Njombe Region, Tanzania. The general objective of the study is to assess avocado production and export as a source of prosperity for smallholder farmers in Tanzania. The study was guided by absolute cost advantage theory and comparative cost advantage theory. With the use of the descriptive research design, the target population was small-scale farmers, employees from the OLIVADO industry, and Wards Extension Officers. 150 respondents from six wards in the Wanging\u27ombe area were chosen using simple random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection methods used were questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups, and the analysis was conducted through quantitative methods. The findings show that many farmers in Waging’ombe district owned orchards of 1 to 5 acres only due to limited capital. This is because avocado cultivation strive well under commercial cultivation which needs high capital for purchasing quality propagates, fertilizers and agrochemicals which many farmers are unable to access, avocado farmers face significant production and export market challenges as a result of their lack of suitable farmer skills and knowledge, the primary marketing channel for avocado producers is wholesalers as Tanzania\u27s northern region\u27s export channel is fueling growth, the local market and, to a lesser extent, an export section is driving development in Southern Highlands and identified a low poverty rate amongst avocado growers which is a main indicator of a rising standard of living among avocado farmers. The study concluded that various agricultural institutions as well as the government have been participating and conducting various trainings to build the capacity of Waging’ombe avocado farmers as well as the distribution of fertilizers and quality seeds to produce crops with the required quality in the export market and thus find a market for exportation, increasing their income and reducing poverty in their areas. The study concluded that provision of education for international commercial terms for exporting agricultural products, increase subsidies to agricultural inputs, access to low-interest rate loans from financial institutions to support small avocado farmers, increase in whole sellers’ companies in the marketing channel to reduce bureaucracy, increase packaging quality of the avocado products, and improvement of infrastructure will be crucial to avocado farmers in Waging’ombe district
Health and Safety Compliance in Tanzania:Regulatory Impediments in the Construction Sector
Get PDFIn Tanzania, poor enforcement of occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations has been associated with weak regulatory systems as well as lack of proper procedures on construction sites. However, the role of health and safety actors including organisational structures as enabling or disabling factors have not been well researched. This study employed qualitative research approach to discern the role of health and safety actors together with reasons for poor OHS enforcement on construction sites. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from several health and safety actors within the sector. The salient findings from the study indicate that while legislation for enforcement of OHS exists, there is demonstrated lack of coordination including focus on formality, lack of resources and overlapping roles regarding management of OHS. These are exacerbated by power relations exercised by elected officials over the regulators to influence public policy and purposeful violation of rules as a form of informal welfare policy for largely informal workers. This study recommends a need for promotion of safety leadership and behavioural change together with adequate supply of health and safety resources to the whole organisational system. Safety culture should be embraced from planning, tendering, designing and implementation stages of construction projects.In Tanzania, poor enforcement of occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations has been associated with weak regulatory systems as well as lack of proper procedures on construction sites. However, the role of health and safety actors including organisational structures as enabling or disabling factors have not been well researched. This study employed qualitative research approach to discern the role of health and safety actors together with reasons for poor OHS enforcement on construction sites. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from several health and safety actors within the sector. The salient findings from the study indicate that while legislation for enforcement of OHS exists, there is demonstrated lack of coordination including focus on formality, lack of resources and overlapping roles regarding management of OHS. These are exacerbated by power relations exercised by elected officials over the regulators to influence public policy and purposeful violation of rules as a form of informal welfare policy for largely informal workers. This study recommends a need for promotion of safety leadership and behavioural change together with adequate supply of health and safety resources to the whole organisational system. Safety culture should be embraced from planning, tendering, designing and implementation stages of construction projects
The general equilibrium effects of a productivity increase on the economy and gender in South Africa
Get PDFThis study utilises a computable general equilibrium model to examine the effects of economy-wide (SIM 1) and partial (SIM 2) productivity increases on the economy, gender employment, wages, income and welfare in South Africa. SIM 1 results in 'output' led employment demand and increased earnings for all skill types of men and women. Skilled men benefit more than others in most sectors. Under SIM 2, productivity has a negative employment impact in the selected sectors, on all skills mostly in labour-intensive sectors. In general, productivity improves households' welfare due to reduced commodity prices and improved earnings. If productivity rises only in men-intensive sectors, men's wages rise; while raising productivity in only women-intensive sectors affect women negatively
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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