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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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The development of preservation methods for mercury and its species in water samples
Full text linkSome of the most toxic compounds in the environment are mercury (Hg) and its species. Monitoring the pollution of Hg is of paramount performance in all spheres of the environment, and in particular in vulnerable areas such as artisanal and smallscale gold mines (ASGM). These areas produce the majority of anthropogenic Hg emissions, yet currently, recommended sampling and preservation methodologies in the scientific literature are not appropriate for the determination of Hg and its species from water sources in these and other such challenging environments. These waters are fully integrated into the local communities, providing drinking water, domestic, agricultural, aquacultural and industrial uses, among others.
In water samples, Hg species are known to be highly unstable, with total loss of Hg within a few days if unpreserved. Recommended procedures for preserving Hg in water samples involve the acidification of waters, which can pose significant risk to field workers in uncontrolled environments. Therefore, it is recommended to collect at least 500 mL of water in glass or PTFE containers, which are fragile and expensive, respectively, and require immediate shipment of samples to a laboratory for analysis. This is inadequate for use in challenging environments, such as remote locations or ASGM sites, due to the difficulty in sample transport, particularly when collecting multiple samples for total Hg and different Hg species, as well as the lack of accessible laboratories with appropriate facilities to preserve and analyse Hg, often found in environmental and polluted waters at μg L-1 to ng L-1 ranges.
Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to develop a sampling method for Hg and its species in water samples, that can preserve Hg speciation for an adequate time from field-to-laboratory and is applicable to supporting the study of ASGM activities and their impact on environmental and human health.
To achieve this, a literature survey of Hg preservation methods and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods was conducted and thus a dithizone-functionalised SPE methodology was developed as a sampling technique for the preservation of Hg for up to 4-weeks from waters associated with ASGM activities. This timescale was chosen as a practical time for transport of samples from field to laboratory, including where international transportation is required. Total Hg concentrations are used for guideline concentrations and therefore it is vital to ensure the method can reliably produce representative data from the field, and so the functionalised cartridge demonstrated 85 ± 10% recovery of total Hg from water samples after 4-weeks of storage. The method was also applied in ASGM sites to demonstrate the robustness of the method in an appropriate environment, showing total Hg concentrations below guideline limits (6 μg L-1 in drinking water and 0.77 μg L-1 in environmental waters), between 0.01 to 0.35 μg L-1 Hg across river, mineshaft, and spring water, and ore washing ponds.
The functionalised cartridge was further assessed for Hg species sampling and preservation (inorganic mercury, Hg2+, and methylmercury, MeHg) from waters associated with ASGM activities. The functionalised cartridge showed recovery of 115 ± 8% (4°C, absence of light) and 109 ± 13% % (16°C, absence of light) MeHg and 100 ± 14% % (4°C, absence of light) and 94 ± 12% % (16°C, absence of light) Hg2+ over 4 weeks of storage.
The cartridges were then used in ASGM sites in western Kenya alongside collection of river sediment samples, to obtain Hg speciation data and assess the relationship between waters and sediments, in the context of human health exposure. All sampled water sources provided no detectable MeHg and 0.06 to 0.67 μg L-1 Hg2+, below environmental guideline limits (0.77 μg L-1 Hg). Drinking water sources showed Hg2+ concentrations making up approximately 30% of the total weekly Hg intake. At the same drinking water sources, sediments measured up to 2 mg kg-1 total Hg and 64.8 μg kg-1 MeHg, showing contamination from the mining activities and significant methylation of the Hg species. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were between 0.09 to 1.72 mg kg-1 total Hg, with the most elevated concentrations from sampling points near to active alluvial work and ponds previously used for alluvial activities. The case study highlighted relationships between sediment and river water Hg2+ and MeHg concentrations, where areas of stagnation show greater concentrations of both Hg species.
The results of this work contribute to the knowledge of Hg sampling and preservation, demonstrating the application of SPE as an in-field sampling and preservation method for Hg and its species. The project outcome will enable the robust monitoring of Hg species and consequences of their exposure to environment and human health, enabling a more holistic approach to environmental Hg pollution studies. Thus, this can pave the way for both local communities and policymakers to be better informed of the impact from Hg pollution originating from ASGM activities, building the case to empower change to Hg-free alternatives
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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