1,720,967 research outputs found
American Indian languages in the eyes of 17th-century French and British missionaries
Get PDFThis paper examines 17th-century descriptions of Algonquian and Iroquoian languages by French and British missionaries as well as their subsequent reinterpretations. Focusing on such representative studies as Paul Le Jeune’s (1592–1664) sketch of Montagnais, John Eliot’s (1604–1690) grammar of Massachusett, and the accounts of Huron by Jean de Brébeuf (1593–1649) and Gabriel Sagard-Théodat (c.1600–1650), I discuss their analysis of the sound systems, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. In addition, I examine the reception of early missionary accounts in European scholarship, focusing on the role they played in the shaping of the notion of ‘primitive’ languages and their speakers in the 18th and 19th centuries. I also discuss the impressionistic nature of evaluations of phonetic, lexical, and grammatical properties in terms of complexity and richness. Based on examples of the early accounts of the lexicon and structure of Algonquian and Iroquoian languages, I show that even though these accounts were preliminary in their character, they frequently provided detailed and insightful representations of unfamiliar languages. The reception and subsequent transmission of the linguistic examples they illustrated was however influenced by the changing theoretical and ideological context, resulting in interpretations that were often contradictory to those intended in the original descriptions
A history of the study of the indigenous languages of North America Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science., v. 129./ Marcin Kilarski.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index."The languages indigenous to North America are characterized by a remarkable genetic and typological diversity. Based on the premise that linguistic examples play a key role in the origin and transmission of ideas within linguistics and across disciplines, this book examines the history of approaches to these languages through the lens of some of their most prominent properties. These properties include consonant inventories and the near absence of labials in Iroquoian languages, gender in Algonquian languages, verbs for washing in the Iroquoian language Cherokee and terms for snow and related phenomena in Eskimo-Aleut languages. By tracing the interpretations of the four examples by European and American scholars, the author illustrates their role in both lay and professional contexts as a window onto unfamiliar languages and cultures, thus allowing a more holistic view of the history of language study in North America"--1 online resource
Lost and added in translation: a corpus-based study on Chinese numeral classifiers in translation between Chinese and English
No full textWydział AnglistykiChińskie klasyfikatory liczebnikowe występują pomiędzy liczebnikami lub zaimkami wskazującymi a rzeczownikami. Niniejsza rozprawa analizuje znaczenia wyrażane przez klasyfikatory i inne elementy frazy nominalnej oraz ich odzwierciedlenie w tłumaczeniu na język angielski, na podstawie ich funkcji semantycznych i pragmatycznych. Przeprowadzono badania ilościowe i jakościowe na podstawie trzech samodzielnie utworzonych korpusów chińsko-angielskich zawierających 6700 par fraz bez przymiotników, 523 pary fraz z przymiotnikami oraz 645 par fraz z powieści Liu Cixina Problem trzech ciał. W oparciu o analizę częstotliwości i kolokacji klasyfikatorów, rozprawa ukazuje różnorodność wyrażanych przez nie znaczeń, również w kontekście związków frazeologicznych z rzeczownikami i przymiotnikami oraz ich funkcji leksykalnych/semantycznych i pragmatycznych. Jeśli chodzi o tłumaczenie klasyfikatorów, badanie pokazuje, że w celu wyrażenia równoważnych znaczeń w jęz. angielskim używane są takie elementy jak kwantyfikatory, liczba mnoga, przedimki, zaimki osobowe i wskazujące oraz rzeczowniki. W przeciwieństwie do funkcji semantycznych, funkcje pragmatyczne klasyfikatorów są częściej odzwierciedlone w tłumaczeniu na jęz. angielski. Wyniki te przyczyniają się do badań nad systemami klasyfikacji nominalnej, kognitywnymi mechanizmami przetwarzania języka oraz akwizycją języka chińskiego i angielskiego.Chinese numeral classifiers occur between numerals or demonstratives and nouns. This dissertation examines the meanings conveyed by classifiers and other elements of the noun phrase as well as their representation in English translation, based on their semantic and discourse functions. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted based on three self-compiled Chinese-English corpora with 6700 pairs of phrases without adjectives, 523 pairs of phrases with adjectives, and 645 pairs of phrases from the novel The Three-Body Problem by Liu Cixin. Based on an analysis of the frequency and collocations of classifiers, this study demonstrates their diverse meanings, also in the context of collocations with nouns and adjectives as well as their semantic/lexical and pragmatic functions. As regards their translation, the study shows that English uses such means as measure words, the plural form, articles, demonstratives, pronouns and nouns to express equivalent meanings. In contrast with semantic functions, the discourse functions of classifiers are more likely to be reflected in English translation. These findings contribute to the study of nominal classification systems, the cognitive mechanisms of language processing and the acquisition of Chinese and English
Kontakt językowy w regionie Huasteca: Wpływ hiszpańskiego na języki nahuatl i tének
No full textLink archiwalny https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/458
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Archibald Henry Sayce (1845–1933) and the Transition from 19th-Century Comparative Philology to 20th-Century General Linguistics
No full textIn language study in the West, the nineteenth century was dominated by comparative philology, and the past century by general linguistics. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, linguists introduced ideas inconsistent with traditional comparative philology that foreshadowed general linguistics. While Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is recognized as a leading founder of general linguistics, other linguists also moved the discipline in this direction. We focus on Archibald Henry Sayce’s (1845–1933) Principles of Comparative Philology (1893) because it anticipated general linguistics, and because the book and its author have been overlooked despite their relevance to the history of linguistics. However, as the author of several works on the languages, literatures, and religions of the Ancient Near East, Sayce was regarded as one of the most erudite scholars of his time. As an example of Sayce’s innovative contribution, we examine his theoretical and methodological principles, including the need for inductive generalizations based on large samples of data, the value of lesser-known languages as a window onto fundamental principles of language, and the status of linguistics vis-à-vis emerging fields of related study. Sayce’s treatment of examples from non-Indo-European languages reflects a tension between comparative philology as it was practiced in the late nineteenth century and twentieth-century comparative and typological linguistics. On the one hand, the principles mentioned above are indicative of the uniformitarian principle, the emphasis on inductive generalizations in American structuralism, and the avoidance of various types of bias in modern typology. On the other hand, his reinterpretation of examples from the languages of North America, Southern Africa, and Tasmania as evidence of the lack of abstract and generic terms not only violated his methodological assumptions but was also consistent with the common nineteenth-century practice of treating words as an index of civilizational development
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