28 research outputs found
*Daroo ka↑ : the interplay of deictic modality, sentence type, prosody and tier of meaning
No full textThis study examines the interaction of the Japanese modal auxiliary daroo with different sentence types and intonation. A detailed investigation of daroo reveals an interesting paradigm with respect to parameters such as clause type, boundary tone, tier of meaning and pragmatic context. I propose that daroo is a use-conditional speech act operator which asserts the epistemic knowledge of the speaker. The proposal is formally implemented in the framework of inquisitive epistemic logic. That is, daroo marks an assertion of an entertain modality. A rising intonational contour is analyzed as a prosodic morpheme that is paratactically associated to its host and functions as a use-conditional question operator that renders a truth-conditional declarative into a use-condition of question act. A new composition rule that indicates how to interpret paratactically associated use-conditional items is also proposed
SIEVERS – THE ARISTOCRATS ON RUSSIAN AND SOVIET ELITE MILITARY SERVICE
No full textThe book “Sievers – The Aristocrats on Russian and Soviet Elite Military Service" by Yurie Stein-Hudensky is dedicated to the memory of his ancestors famed at the service to Russia at times of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, being the elite of the military service of the country. Among numerous representatives of this enormous family tree the author selected those ancestors mentioned in Russian and German versions of Wikipedia as well as a number of books in history of wars of Peter the Great, Russian-Japanese War, World War I and Civil War all of which took place on the territory of our Motherland
Effect of Convective Transport in Porous Media on the Conditions of Organic Matter Maturation and Generation of Hydrocarbons in Trap Rocks Complexes
No full textAbstractBy analyze of catalysis processes of hydrocarbons and oil in the medium with the oil source rocks usually it is used the approximation about homogeneous medium and homogeneous РТ- conditions in it. But the oil source rocks are porous medium, the slow flows in which are influenced by convection, which leads to significant heterogeneities of the structure of РТ- conditions of oil source matter ripening. These structures can be either stationary or no stationary. In that paper we developed results of numerical modeling of convection in homogeneous medium and in the medium that contains heterogeneous for permeability 2D and 3D inclusions for detection and quantitative estimation the convection influence on the volume oil source rocks estimation in which the oil catalysis conditions are realized. It is showed that the amount of oil forming significantly depends from the convection intensity
Influenza B viruses are more susceptible to high temperatures than influenza A viruses
No full textAbstract Seasonal influenza is caused by two subtypes of influenza A virus (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two lineages of influenza B viruses (B/Victoria-lineage and B/Yamagata-lineage). Seasonal influenza viruses replicate efficiently in the human upper respiratory tract, where the temperature is 33 °C. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of seasonal influenza A and B viruses to different temperatures. We examined the differences in viral replication efficiency inside cultured cells and in infectious titre outside cultured cells at different temperatures (i.e., 33 °C, 37 °C, and 39 °C). We found that there were differences in temperature sensitivity between influenza A and B viruses, with influenza B viruses being more temperature sensitive. In addition, we found that cells cultured at 39 °C and infected with influenza B virus showed decreased expression of HA protein with receptor-binding activity on the cell surface. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the properties of seasonal influenza viruses
Involvement of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK3β) in Formation of Phosphorylated Tau and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells of Rats Caused by Optic Nerve Crush
No full textTauopathy is a neurodegenerative condition associated with oligomeric tau formation through abnormal phosphorylation. We previously showed that tauopathy is involved in death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve crush (ONC). It has been proposed that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is involved in the hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer’s disease. To determine the roles of GSK3β in tauopathy-related death of RGCs, lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK3β inhibitor, was injected intravitreally just after ONC. The neuroprotective effects of LiCl were determined by counting Tuj-1-stained RGCs on day 7. Changes of phosphorylated (ser 396) tau in the retina were determined by Simple Western analysis (WES) on day 3. Retinal GSK3β levels were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and an ELISA. There was a 1.9- and 2.1-fold increase in the levels of phosphorylated tau monomers and dimers on day 3 after ONC. LiCl significantly suppressed the increase in the levels of phosphorylated tau induced by ONC. GSK3β was mainly present in somas of RGCs, and ELISA showed that retinal levels increased to 2.0-fold on day 7. IHC showed that the GSK3β expression increased over time and remained in RGCs that were poorly stained by Tuj-1. The GSK3β and tau expression was colocalized in RGCs. The number of RGCs decreased from 1881 ± 188 (sham control) to 1150 ± 192 cells/mm2 on day 7, and LiCl preserved the levels at 1548 ± 173 cells/mm2. Accordingly, GSK3β may be a promising target for some optic nerve injuries
Roscovitine, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-5 Inhibitor, Decreases Phosphorylated Tau Formation and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells of Rats after Optic Nerve Crush
No full textTauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by abnormal metabolism of misfolded tau proteins and are progressive. Pathological phosphorylation of tau occurs in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve injuries. Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) causes hyperphosphorylation of tau. To determine the roles played by Cdk5 in retinal degeneration, roscovitine, a Cdk5 inhibitor, was injected intravitreally after optic nerve crush (ONC). The neuroprotective effect of roscovitine was determined by the number of Tuj-1-stained RGCs on day 7. The change in the levels of phosphorylated tau, calpain-1, and cleaved α-fodrin was determined by immunoblots on day 3. The expression of P35/P25, a Cdk5 activator, in the RGCs was determined by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that roscovitine reduced the level of phosphorylated tau by 3.5- to 1.6-fold. Calpain-1 (2.1-fold) and cleaved α-fodrin (1.5-fold) were increased on day 3, suggesting that the calpain signaling pathway was activated. P35/P25 was accumulated in the RGCs that were poorly stained by Tuj-1. Calpain inhibition also reduced the increase in phosphorylated tau. The number of RGCs decreased from 2191 ± 178 (sham) to 1216 ± 122 cells/mm2 on day 7, and roscovitine preserved the level at 1622 ± 130 cells/mm2. We conclude that the calpain-mediated activation of Cdk5 is associated with the pathologic phosphorylation of tau
Experimental infection of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses to chicken's, ducks, tree sparrows, jungle crows, and black rats for the evaluation of their roles in virus transmission
No full textHighly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have spread in both poultry and wild birds. Determining transmission routes of these viruses during an outbreak is essential for the control of avian influenza. It has been widely postulated that migratory ducks play crucial roles in the widespread dissemination of HPAIVs in poultry by carrying viruses along with their migrations; however close contacts between wild migratory ducks and poultry are less likely in modern industrial poultry farming settings. Therefore, we conducted experimental infections of HPAIVs and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) to chickens, domestic ducks, tree sparrows, jungle crows, and black rats to evaluate their roles in virus transmission. The results showed that chickens, ducks, sparrows, and crows were highly susceptible to HPAIV infection. Significant titers of virus were recovered from the sparrows and crows infected with HPAIVs, which suggests that they potentially play roles of transmission of HPAIVs to poultry. In contrast, the growth of LPAIVs was limited in each of the animals tested compared with that of HPAIVs. The present results indicate that these common synanthropes play some roles in influenza virus transmission from wild birds to poultry. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Genetic and antigenic characterization of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory waterfowl in Mongolia from 2017 to 2019
No full textThe circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of various subtypes (e.g., H5N1, H5N6, H5N8, and H7N9) in poultry remains a global concern for animal and public health. Migratory waterfowls play important roles in the transmission of these viruses across countries. To monitor virus spread by wild birds, active surveillance for avian influenza in migratory waterfowl was conducted in Mongolia from 2015 to 2019. In total, 5000 fecal samples were collected from lakesides in central Mongolia, and 167 influenza A viruses were isolated. Two H5N3, four H7N3, and two H7N7 viruses were characterized in this study. The amino acid sequence at hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site of those isolates suggested low pathogenicity in chickens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H5 and H7 viruses were closely related to recent H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild birds in Asia and Europe. Antigenicity of H7Nx was similar to those of typical non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). While HPAIVs or A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9)-related LPAIVs were not detected in migratory waterfowl in Mongolia, sporadic introductions of AIVs including H5 and H7 viruses into Mongolia through the wild bird migration were identified. Thus, continued monitoring of H5 and H7 AIVs in both domestic and wild birds is needed for the early detection of HPAIVs spread into the country
The Response Regulator RpaB Binds to the Upstream Element of Photosystem I Genes To Work for Positive Regulation under Low-Light Conditions in Synechocystis sp Strain PCC 6803
No full textThe coordinated high-light response of genes encoding subunits of photosystem I (PSI) is achieved by the AT-rich region located just upstream of the core promoter in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The upstream element enhances the basal promoter activity under low-light conditions, whereas this positive regulation is lost immediately after the shift to high-light conditions. In this study, we focused on a high-light regulatory 1 (HLR1) sequence included in the upstream element of every PSI gene examined. A gel mobility shift assay revealed that a response regulator RpaB binds to the HLR1 sequence in PSI promoters. Base substitution in the HLR1 sequence or decrease in copy number of the rpaB gene resulted in decrease in the promoter activity of PSI genes under low-light conditions. These observations suggest that RpaB acts as a transcriptional activator for PSI genes. It is likely that RpaB binds to the HLR1 sequence under low-light conditions and works for positive regulation of PSI genes and for negative regulation of high-light-inducible genes depending on the location of the HLR1 sequence within target promoters.This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Electron Microscopy following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version American Society for Microbiology, Journal of Bacteriology, March 2009, p. 1581-1586, Vol. 191, No. 5; DOI 10.1128/JB.01588-08 online at: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/191/5/158
Asymmetric Synthesis of beta-Lactams through Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Nitrone Coupling with a Prolinol-Phosphine Chiral Ligand
No full textProlinol-phosphine chiral ligands enabled highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed intermolecular alkyne-nitrone coupling (Kinugasa reaction) to produce 1,3,4-trisubstituted chiral beta-lactams. A high level of enantiocontrol was achieved not only with aryl-or alkenylacetylenes but also with alkylacetylenes, which were important but unfavorable substrates in the previously reported protocols. Two-point hydrogen bonding between the chiral ligand and the nitrone oxyanion consisting of O-H center dot center dot center dot O and C(sp(3)) H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds is proposed
