30 research outputs found
Grundlagen und Wirkprinzipien von wassergefiltertem Infrarot A (wIRA) in Bezug zur Wundheilung
No full textThe experience of the pleasant heat of the sun in moderate climatic zones arises from the filtering of the heat radiation of the sun by water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth. The filter effect of water decreases those parts of infrared radiation (most parts of infrared-B and -C and the absorption bands of water within infrared-A), which would cause – by reacting with water molecules in the skin – only an undesired thermal load to the surface of the skin. Technically water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) is produced in special radiators, whose full spectrum of radiation of a halogen bulb is passed through a cuvette, containing water, which absorbs or decreases the described undesired wavelengths of the infrared radiation. Within infrared the remaining wIRA (within 780-1400 nm) mainly consists of radiation with good penetration properties into tissue and therefore allows – compared to unfiltered heat radiation – a multiple energy transfer into tissue without irritating the skin, similar to the sun’s heat radiation in moderate climatic zones. Typical wIRA radiators emit no ultraviolet (UV) radiation and nearly no infrared-B and -C radiation and the amount of infrared-A radiation in relation to the amount of visible light (380-780 nm) is emphasized. Water-filtered infrared-A as a special form of heat radiation with a high tissue penetration and with a low thermal load to the skin surface acts both by thermal (related to heat energy transfer) and thermic (temperature depending, with a relevant change of temperature) as well as by non-thermal (without a relevant transfer of heat energy) and non-thermic (not depending on temperature, without a relevant change of temperature) effects. wIRA produces a therapeutically usable field of heat in the tissue and increases tissue temperature, tissue oxygen partial pressure, and tissue perfusion. These three factors are vital for a sufficient tissue supply with energy and oxygen. As wound healing and infection defense (e.g. granulocyte function including their antibacterial oxygen radical formation) depend decisively on a sufficient supply with energy and oxygen, one explanation for the good clinical effect of wIRA on wounds and wound infections can be the improvement of both the energy supply per time (increase of metabolic rate) and the oxygen supply. In addition wIRA has non-thermal and non-thermic effects, which are based on putting direct stimuli on cells and cellular structures. wIRA can considerably alleviate the pain (with remarkably less need for analgesics) and diminish an elevated wound exudation and inflammation and can show positive immunomodulatory effects. wIRA can advance wound healing or improve an impaired wound healing both in acute and in chronic wounds including infected wounds. Even the normal wound healing process can be improved. wIRA is contact-free, easily applied, without discomfort to the patient, with absent consumption of material and with a good effect in the depth. The irradiation of the typically uncovered wound is carried out with a wIRA radiator.Die Erfahrung der angenehmen Wärme der Sonne in gemäßigten Breiten entsteht durch die Filterung der Wärmestrahlung der Sonne durch Wasserdampf in der Erdatmosphäre. Durch die Wasserfilterung werden die Strahlungsanteile gemindert (sogenannte Wasserbanden innerhalb des Infrarot A sowie die meisten Teile des Infrarot B und C), die sonst durch Wechselwirkung mit Wassermolekülen in der Haut eine unerwünschte thermische Belastung der obersten Hautschicht hervorrufen würden. Technisch wird wassergefiltertes Infrarot A (wIRA) in speziellen Strahlern erzeugt, in denen die gesamte Strahlung eines Halogen-Strahlers durch eine Wasser enthaltende Küvette hindurchtritt, so dass die genannten unerwünschten Strahlungsanteile innerhalb des Infrarot gemindert oder herausgefiltert werden. Innerhalb des Infrarot stellt das verbleibende wIRA (im Bereich 780-1400 nm) vorwiegend Strahlung mit gutem Eindringvermögen in das Gewebe dar und erlaubt gegenüber ungefilterter Infrarotstrahlung einen mehrfachen Energieeintrag in das Gewebe bei geringerer thermischer Belastung der Hautoberfläche, vergleichbar der Sonnenwärmestrahlung in gemäßigten Breiten. Typische wIRA-Strahler emittieren keine Ultraviolett-Strahlung (UV) und nahezu keine Infrarot-B- und Infrarot-C-Strahlung, und der Anteil der Infrarot-A-Strahlung ist im Verhältnis zum Anteil des sichtbaren Lichts (380-780 nm) betont. Wassergefiltertes Infrarot A als spezielle Form der Wärmestrahlung mit hohem Eindringvermögen in das Gewebe bei geringer thermischer Oberflächenbelastung wirkt sowohl über thermische (auf Wärmeenergietransfer bezogene) und temperaturabhängige (mit Temperaturänderung auftretende) als auch über nicht-thermische (ohne relevanten Wärmeenergietransfer) und temperaturunabhängige (ohne relevante Temperaturänderung auftretende) Effekte. wIRA erzeugt ein therapeutisch nutzbares Wärmefeld im Gewebe und steigert Temperatur und Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Gewebe sowie die Gewebedurchblutung, drei entscheidende Faktoren für eine ausreichende Versorgung des Gewebes mit Energie und Sauerstoff. Da Wundheilung und Infektionsabwehr (z.B. Granulozytenfunktion einschließlich ihrer antibakteriellen Sauerstoffradikalbildung) entscheidend von einer ausreichenden Versorgung mit Energie und Sauerstoff abhängen, stellt die Verbesserung sowohl der Energiebereitstellung pro Zeit (Steigerung der Stoffwechselleistung) als auch der Sauerstoffversorgung eine Erklärung für die klinisch gute Wirkung von wIRA auf Wunden und Wundinfektionen dar. Zusätzlich hat wIRA nicht-thermische und ohne relevante Temperaturänderung auftretende Effekte, die darauf beruhen, direkte Reize auf Zellen und zelluläre Strukturen zu setzen. wIRA vermag Schmerzen deutlich zu mindern (mit bemerkenswert niedrigerem Analgetikabedarf) und eine erhöhte Wundsekretion und Entzündung herabzusetzen sowie positive immunmodulierende Effekte zu zeigen. wIRA kann sowohl bei akuten als auch bei chronischen Wunden einschließlich infizierter Wunden die Wundheilung beschleunigen oder bei stagnierender Wundheilung verbessern. Selbst der normale Wundheilungsprozess kann verbessert werden. wIRA ist ein kontaktfreies, verbrauchsmaterialfreies, leicht anzuwendendes, als angenehm empfundenes Verfahren mit guter Tiefenwirkung. Die Bestrahlung der typischerweise unbedeckten Wunde erfolgt mit einem wIRA-Strahler
Parents' perceptions of the role of the school counselor at the high school level
No full textIncludes bibliographical references
Immunomodulation by diet : individual differences in sensitivity in layer hens
No full textEnhancing relevant immunity of production animals to achieve more robust animals is receiving more and more attention. Several epidemics have hit production animals recently and with devastating consequences, but enhancing diseases resistance increasingly provides new opportunities. Furthermore, welfare and health of production animals is becoming a more and more consumer driven topic. Several routes are being used to approach the possibility of enhancing immunity such as selective breeding, enriched and altered housing conditions, vaccination programs, diet supplementation with immune stimulating components, and other management procedures. Disease susceptibility has been shown to be related to stress reactivity, which in turn is related to differences in HPA axis reactivity. Interestingly, independent of selection criteria used, the extremes of various selection procedures result in a recurrent dichotomy in HPA axis reactivity, either being hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive to stress. Animals with a hyperresponsive HPA axis show greater environmental sensitivity, while the hyporeactive animals are more intrinsically regulated. Often, research on immunomodulation is performed with compromised animals and/or exaggerated supplementation of dietary components in one generation of animals, but epigenetics by definition seems to be the mechanism for mothers to prepare their offspring for the environment they will be born into. Enhancing immunity through normal diet in uncompromised animals is rarely investigated, let alone over generations. In this thesis the aim was to induce immunomodulation through diet in selection lines of chicken that have previously been selected on their antibody response to sheep red blood cells over two generations of chicken. First, potential HPA axis differences were examined in these selection lines to establish their environmental sensitivity, whereafter immunomodulation through normal diet was investigated in humoral and cellular parameters of immunity. As humoral immunocompentence was not easily modulated, an immune trigger was used to detect potential differences in humoral reactivity. The selection lines showed differential sensitivity to immunomodulation by diet in both generations, suggesting that adaptation to environmental factors may be a line-specific (genetically based) process, with differential neuroendocrine regulation. Most interestingly, the second generation showed effects of the diets in all the selection lines, albeit in different manners. It is concluded that normal diet can cause immunomodulation, mainly in animals with hyper HPA axis reactivity, and that introducing such practices may be more beneficial when mothers are treated, as all offspring showed immunomodulation, irrespective of selection line. While genetic background and/or epigenetic processes on neuroendocrine and immune regulation of the individual form the framework wherein individual immunomodulation by diet can take place, environmental conditions determine if the modulation is beneficial or not. <br/
Prognostic factors of functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke
No full textTrombolyse is een behandeling waarbij een stolsel in een bloedvat wordt opgelost door het gebruik van anti-bloedstollingsmiddelen. Irene Miedema deed onderzoek naar veiligheidsaspecten van trombolyse.
Door de ontwikkeling van trombolyse is de zorg aan patiënten met een acuut herseninfarct de afgelopen decennia sterk verbeterd. De behandeling is echter alleen voor een selecte groep beschikbaar en is niet zonder risico’s.
Miedema bestudeerde een groep van ruim 700 patiënten. Zij vond dat trombolyse na drie maanden geen verbeterde klinische uitkomst gaf, wanneer deze patiënten voor het herseninfarct een bepaald soort antidepressivum (SSRI), een cholesterolverlagend middel (statine) of urinezuur gebruikten. De promovenda constateert dat dat ook het geval was wanneer de bloedsuikerspiegel bij aanvang van de behandeling te hoog was. Tot slot ontdekte ze dat behandeling met een vitamine K antagonist (een anti-bloedstollingsmiddel) bij patiënten met een normale of licht verhoogde bloedstollingswaarde leidde tot een verhoogd risico op het ontwikkelen van een hersenbloeding.
Omdat trombolyse nog steeds de eerste keus behandeling is, is het voor de veiligheid van patiënten extra van belang dat artsen daarvoor de juiste patiënten selecteren. Deze uitkomsten kunnen daarbij helpen.
In the last decades, the development of revascularisation therapy with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen antigen (tPA) has greatly improved the outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients, but this therapy is only available for a selected group of patients and has safety concerns. In this thesis several possible neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke and some safety aspects of tPA-treatment are discussed. In a cohort of patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tPA no improvement of functional outcome at 3 months after the event was found in patients using selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) or statin. Serum uric acid levels were also unrelated to improvement outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Concerning safety, for all stroke subtypes, hyperglycemia during admission was associated with a poor functional outcome in patients treated with tPA. Using vitamin-K-antagonist in patients with normal or slightly elevated International Normalized Ratio (INR) who are treated with tPA, is associated with the risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH), but not with the actual functional outcome at 3 months after ischemic stroke. In conclusion, the studies in this thesis do not support a neuroprotective effect of SSRIs, statins and serum uric acid levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Treatment with tPA is still the most effective therapy for acute ischemic stroke and selection of patients to reduce treatment risks is important. Use of vitamin-K-antagonist with elevated INR and admission hyperglycemia are associated with the occurrence of SICH and poor functional outcome respectively.
Parents' perceptions of the role and function of school counselors: a literature review
No full textIncludes bibliographical references
A revised checklist of Hawaiian mosses
No full textA revised and updated literature-based checklist of Hawaiian mosses is presented. Geographic coverage includes the eight main Hawaiian Islands; the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are excluded. The checklist is alphabetically ordered by scientific names; the family is noted for each genus. Synonyms and misapplied names are cross-referenced to the accepted names. A bibliography of supporting references is included
'Beyond, both the Old World, and the New': Authority and Knowledge in the works of Francis Bacon, with special reference to the New Atlantis
No full textPhDThis study investigates the role of authority in the works of Francis Bacon,
arguing that the issue of authority provides not only an interpretation of New
Atlantis, but an important structural component of his body of works. From
the first manifestation of his philosophical project to his last works of natural
history, authority is an all-pervasive issue - the authority of nature, of
scripture, of the named author, and how authority functions in the
dissemination of natural knowledge. Chapter one argues that the publication
of New Atlantis alongside Sylva sylvarum in 1626/7 was more the result of
William Rawley's need to assert his own authority as the protector and
disseminator of Bacon's textual legacy than an appreciation of the work's own
qualities. Chapter two considers Bacon's views of history and time,
suggesting that Bacon not only conceived of a new, progressive mode of
historical time which would allow for the assertion of a textual authority based
on the records of a civilisation unbroken by the vicissitudes of time, but that
he figured these theories in New Atlantis. Chapter three argues that Bacon
used theology both as defence and imperative to his intellectual programme,
while his attempt to move beyond the deterministic, Calvinist world-view to
allow for multiple possible futures, or `chance': Bacon could then present
experiment as the way of eliminating chance, in order to accelerate the rate of
new discovery. Chapter four investigates Bacon's manipulations of textual
authority, from the early rehearsals of the Instauratio magna to the
performance of reliability in print in Sylva sylvarum. Finally, the afterword
seeks to suggest that the New Atlantis hinges on the issues of authority with
which Bacon engaged throughout his career and writings: in the issue of
authority, Francis Bacon found the beginning and the end of his philosophy
Characterization of cell wall degrading enzymes from Chrysosporium lucknowense C1 and their use to degrade sugar beet pulp
No full text Key words: Pectin, arabinan, biorefinery, mode of action, branched arabinose oligomers, ferulic acid esterase, arabinohydrolase, pretreatment Sugar beet pulp is the cellulose and pectin-rich debris remaining after sugar extraction from sugar beets. In order to use sugar beet pulp for biorefinery purposes, these carbohydrates need to be degraded to fermentable monosaccharides.The influence of six mild sulfuric acid or water pretreatments at different temperatures on the enzymatic degradability of sugar beet pulp was examined. An optimal pretreatment of 15 min at 140 °C in water greatly facilitates the subsequent enzymatic cellulose degradation. Enzymatic degradation of pectin requires an array of different enzyme activities. To this end, cell wall degrading enzymes of the filamentous fungus Chrysosporium lucknowense C1 (C1) were purified and characterized. Four arabinohydrolases from C1 were characterized that released up to 80% of the arabinose present in sugar beet arabinan as monomers. A combination of three arabinohydrolases also released unknown branched arabinose oligomers, which were purified and identified using NMR analysis. With the help of these complex arabinose oligomers the mode of action of four C1 α-L-arabinohydrolases was determined to enable controlled and tailored degradation of arabinan. Complete degradation of sugar beet pulp also requires ferulic acid esterase activity. Three C1 ferulic acid esterases were purified and characterized, of which one could release up to 60% of ferulic acid from feruloylated sugar beet pectin oligomers, whereas the other two were more active toward feruloylated arabinoxylan. </p
Eupolybothrus (Eupolybothrus) grossipes C. L. Koch
No full text<p>Eupolybothrus (E.) grossipes (C. L. Koch)</p> <p>Figs. 4 to 7</p> <p>Lithobius grossipes C. L. Koch, 1847, p. 146; L. Koch, 1862, p. 32, fig. 4.</p> <p>Lithobius montanus C. L. Koch, 1847, p. 148; L. Koch, 1862, p. 27, fig. 1.</p> <p>Lithobius festivus L. Koch, 1862, p. 29, fig. 2.</p> <p>Lithobius (Eulithobius) fasciatus: Pocock, 1890, p. 61.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. The following specimens, preserved in spirit, are present in the Koch Collection of Arachnida and Myriapoda in the British Museum (Natural History); except where otherwise stated the labels appear to be in L. Koch’s hand:</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C. Koch, festivus L. Koch " “Idria” (Reg. no. 13.6.18.262).</p> <p>This specimen, a female 30 mm long, although preserved in spirit has obviously been dried. An unusual feature is that the 14th leg appears stouter than the 15th; this appearance was noted, not only by L. Koch (1862) who undoubtedly used this specimen for his description of L. grossipes, but also by C. L. Koch (1847) in his original description. I therefore believe it to be the holotype and have labelled it accordingly. The fact that C. L. Koch gives Trieste as the type locality is consistent with the same specimen having been used for both descriptions since Idria (Idrija, Yugoslavia) is in the neighbourhood of Trieste.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C. K. " " Hopfgarten, 26 August, 1868 " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.263-265)</p> <p>Three females 28 to 30 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C.K. " " Seiseralpe [an alpine hut in Italy], *[leg.] Gredler" (Reg. no. 13.6.18.266).</p> <p>This specimen, a male 35 mm long, agrees in detail with L. Koch’s (1862) description of L. montanus C. L. Koch, a description based on a single specimen sent him by Prof. P. Gredler from “Seiseralpe” in South Tyrol. This is undoubtedly the specimen in question and Was presumably relabelled by L. Koch when he realised its identity with L. grossipes, of which L. montanus is now an accepted synonym.</p> <p>" grossipes, Eisarkthal [Valle dell’Isarco, Italy] 1870 " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.267-269).</p> <p>Two females and a male 30 to 31 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C.K., festivus L.K. " “Sudtirol” (Reg. no. 13.6.18.270-282, part).</p> <p>Two females 35 and 37 mm long, a mature male 34 mm long and two immature females 17 and 21 mm long.</p> <p>" grossipes, Sudtirol " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.270-282, part).</p> <p>A single female 37 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C.K., festivus L.K. " “Sudtirol” (Reg. no. 13.6.18.270-282, part).</p> <p>Four mature females 28 to 31 mm long and three immature females 16 to 21 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C.K., festivus L.K. " “Sudtirol” (Reg. no. 13.6.18.270-282, part).</p> <p>Three mature males 28 mm long and two immature males 12 and 14 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C. Koch. " " Meran [Merano, Italy], [leg.] Milde " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.283-292, part).</p> <p>Three females 27 to 30 mm long, six mature males 27 to 38 mm long and an immature male 19 mm long.</p> <p>" grossipes, Meran [Merano, Italy], [leg.] Ausserer " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.283-292, part).</p> <p>An immature male 23 mm long.</p> <p>" Lithobius grossipes C.K. " “Garmisch” (Reg. no. 136.18.293).</p> <p>An immature male 24 mm long. Although not agreeing in every detail with L. Koch’s (1862) original description of L. festivus from Garmisch (Bavaria) this may be one of the specimens on which it was based.</p> <p>" grossipes, Ballino [Italy] 12.IX.69 " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.298).</p> <p>An immature female 17 mm long. The identity of this specimen is doubtful; it may possibly belong to E. fasciatus.</p> <p>" L. grossipes." " Susa, Oberitalien " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.299-300).</p> <p>Two immature males 18 and 24 mm long. The locality label is in L. Koch’s hand but the identity label has been rewritten.</p> <p>" leptopus? Hopfgarten " (Reg. no. 13.6.18.365).</p> <p>An immature female 13 mm long.</p> <p>The following specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History), preserved in spirit in a jar labelled " Lithobius fasciatus Newp. Liguria, O. Thomas " in Pocock’s hand (Reg. no. 89.3.8.1-2):</p> <p>A total of 31 specimens ranging in size from fourth larval stadia 9 mm long to a mature male 43 mm long. These specimens almost certainly come from Busalla (Liguria, Italy) both because Pocock (1890) mentions Busalla as the locality and Mr. Oldfield Thomas as the collector of examples of " L. fasciatus " in his paper on Ligurian centipedes, and because they were mixed with two specimens of Lithobius doriae Pocock; in the same paper this author describes L. doriae as a new species not only from the same locality (Busalla) but also from the same habitat as " L. fasciatus " (Pocock, 1890: 59 & 64) and he must mistakenly have included specimens of the two species under the same label. I have relabelled these two examples of L. doriae and placed them in a separate tube.</p> <p>The following specimens were contained in the above jar along with the Ligurian specimens but in separate tubes:</p> <p>A badly mutilated "stadium agenitalis" 12 mm long labelled " Eulith. grossipes, Grande Chartreuse [Isère, France], [leg.] A. Dollfus " (Reg. no. 89.3.10.1, part) and a badly mutilated immature male 15 mm long labelled " L. grossipes Koch, Portofino [Italy] " (Reg. no. 89.3.10.1, part). Both labels appear to be in Pocock’s hand; in neither case is it possible to identify the specimens other than as species of the subgenus Eupolybothrus.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS or ADULT. Length 27 to 43 mm. Antennae of 40 to 58 articles. Glandular pores of 15th leg concentrated on internal and dorsal aspects of prefemur and all aspects of other articles. 15th metatarsal general setae rarely exceeding a quarter the diameter of the article in length. 15th metatarsal seriate setae present. Basal pit of male 15th femur small and shallow. Internal dorsal sulcus of male 15th femur extending to margin of pore-free area which is not swollen. No coxolateral spines.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION or ADULT. Length: 27 to 43 mm; 15th legs up to two-thirds of body-length. Colour: pale to dark brown, often with a darker dorsal median band. Antennae: half to two-thirds of body-length, sometimes shorter in female; of 40 to 50 (female) and 47 to 58 (male) articles, the distal 10 to 14 often very elongate in large specimens. Ocelli: number and general pattern as described for E. fasciatus; in some specimens, however, the ocelli of the superior row may be round rather than oval and little larger than the others, but they are always relatively widely separated from one another. There is a tendency for the ocelli of the second, third and fourth rows to be more numerous than those of the superior row but this is by no means invariable. Prosternum: with 6+7 to 8+9 small teeth, usually 7+7 or 8+8; minute setiform lateral spines immediately postero-lateral to the external teeth in some specimens, but these spines are often absent from one of both sides, particularly in large specimens, possibly due to damage. Tergites: emargination of posterior borders of large tergites variable, particularly that of T.14 which may be quite markedly emarginate or may be almost straight; posterior angles of T.5 rounded or blunt, those of T.8 blunt or angulated sometimes with traces of projections, those of T.10 blunt or angulated often with slight projections, those of T.12 sometimes blunt but usually angulated with slight projections, those of T.14 blunt or angulated, sometimes rounded; posterior angles of T.4 usually rounded, sometimes very slightly projecting. Posterior projections on T.6 always well-developed, usually blunt, sometimes sharp; those on T.7 well-developed, sometimes very broad and short, with or without some sinuosity of their internal borders; those on T.9, 11 and 13 well-deVeloped with internal borders more or less sinuous; in some specimens this sinuosity is so marked, particularly on T.11 and 13, that the tip of the projection is narrow and pointed as in the figured immature female of E. litoralis (Fig. 12). Posterior border of intermediate tergite sinuous in male, with rounded or trapezoidal emargination in female. Coxal pores: 35 to 65 in four to six irregular rows on each of the 12th to 15th coxae, most numerous on 14th. Glandular pores of 15th legs (Fig. 4): concentrated on all aspects of femur, tibia, tarsus and metatarsus, and also on internal and dorsal aspects of prefemur as figured by Verhoeff (1937: 172, fig. 2) for " Polybothrus fasciatus ".</p> <p>Chaetotaxy of 14th and 15th legs</p> <p>General setae: on the metatarsus sparse and short, not more than a quarter the diameter of the article in length, usually much less in males (Fig. 5), sometimes a little longer in females; on the tarsus, tibia, femur (Fig. 4) and prefemur shorter and sparser than on metatarsus, sometimes a little longer in females than in males. Seriate setae (Figs. 5 & 6): as in E. fasciatus, but in females those of the 15th metatarsus may be reduced to about three at the distal extremity of the article. Spinous setae: on the 14th tarsus the ventral external and ventral internal setae are of much the same structure (Fig. 6) and correspond to the “spines” VaTa and VpTa described by Brolemann (1930: 246) in " Bothropolys fasciatus "; in addition to the ventral internal seta there are, in large specimens, a few more spinous setae at intervals along the ventro-internal border of the tarsus. On the 13th and more anterior legs the spinous tarsal setae are similar to those on the 14th but rather more numerous along the ventro-internal border; the tibia of each of these legs also bears a linear series ofspinous ventro-internal setae, the most distal of which corresponds to the “spine” VpT of Brolemann. Same of tuft (males): short and few, but present in all adults examined (Fig. 4)</p> <p>Sculpturg of male 15th legs (Fig. 4)</p> <p>Prefemur with dorsal sulci distinct, internal one continuous with basal femoral pit, external one not reaching the distal end of article; basal femoral pit shallow, occupying about a quarter to a third the diameter of the base of femur, continuous distally with the narrow internal femoral sulcus which runs to the margin of the pore-free area and is of the same width and depth throughout; external femoral sulcus similar in width, starting level with the basal pit and extending further distally than the internal sulcus; pore-free area occupying distal one third or less of the internal aspect of femur, with no swelling, almost glabrous, the minute setae on its surface being just as sparse as on the rest of shaft.</p> <p>Sculpturing of male 14th legs</p> <p>Internal and external dorsal sulci usually fairly distinct on both prefemur and femur.</p> <p>The 14th leg of holotype</p> <p>The femur (R. only) is unusually broad so that the 14th leg appears stouter than the 15th; this appearance is not due to defective development of the 15th leg as suggested by Latzel (1880: 48).</p> <p>Spinulation</p> <p>14 VpF and 15 DpT may be absent; 15 VpF and 15 DaF may be present; no coxolateral spines; a well-developed 15th accessory apical claw.</p> <p>Genitalia.</p> <p>Male: posterior border of genital sternite with a median notch, more distinct in large specimens, and long marginal setae on either side, the medial setae adjacent to the notch being often shorter than the more lateral setae but showing no sharp differentiation; gonopods long and slender, basal article less than half the length of distal article. Female: two cylindro-conical spurs on each gonopod separated from one another at their insertion by about their own diameter, the internal pair being often rather smaller than the external pair even in mature specimens; claw of gonopod sharp, without denticles; dorso-lateral setae of gonopod short and stout, in an irregular band of about six setae on the first article, about twelve on the second and none on the terminal article. In large specimens the spurs of the gonopods may be short and blunt and the claw blunt, possibily due to wear and tear.</p> <p>IMMATURE STADIA. There is sufficient available material to describe the last larval stadium and five further stadia which probably cover the complete post-larval lifehistory. It is difficult to make an exact comparison between each of these stadia and those described by Verhoeff (1905) for Lithobius forficatus; Verhoeff’s terms are only roughly applicable and are therefore placed in parenthesis.</p> <p>Fourth larval stadium</p> <p>Length: about 9 mm. Antennae: 19 to 24 articles. Prosternal teeth: usually 6+6, sometimes 6+5 or 6+4. Tergites: posterior border of last tergite (T.12) deeply emarginate; posterior projection on T.6, 7, 9 and 11 well-developed. Coxal pores: one on 12th coxa.</p> <p>First post-larval stadium (agenitalis 1)</p> <p>Length: about 10 mm. Antennae: broken. Ocelli: 1+2, 1. Prosternal teeth: 6+6 or 6+7. Tergites (Fig. 7): posterior borders of large tergites deeply emarginate; posterior projections on short tergites well-developed and much narrower than in adults. Coxal pores: 2, 2, 2, 1. 14th and 15th legs: missing.</p> <p>Second post-larval stadium (agenitalis 2)</p> <p>Length: about 12 mm. Antennae: broken. Ocelli: 1+2, 2. Prosternal teeth: 6+6 or 6+7. Tergites 2 as in last stadium. Coxal pores: one relatively large external pore and 4 to 6 much smaller pores on each of the 14th to 15th coxae. 14th and 15th legs: missing. Genitalia: undeveloped.</p> <p>Third post-larval stadium (immaturus)</p> <p>Length: 12 to 14 mm. Antennae: 38 articles. Ocelli: 1+3, 3, 2. Prosternal teeth: 6+6 to 7+7. Tergites: posterior borders of large tergites as in last stadium; posterior projections on short tergites rather less narrow; posterior border of intermediate tergite straight. Coxal pores: 7 to 10 on each of the 12th to 15th coxae. General setae of 14th leg: those of metatarsus exceeding the diameter of the article in length. Seriate setae of 14th leg: as in adult. Spinons setae of 14th leg: not fully developed. Spinulation of 14th legs: as in adult. 15th legs: missing. Male genitalia: posterior border of genital sternite without a notch, with or without one or two marginal setae on either side; gonopods appears as unsegmented slender buds. Female genitalia: gonopods small with indefinite segmentation and neither spurs nor claw.</p> <p>Fourth post-larval stadium (praematurus)</p> <p>Length: 15 to 18 mm. Antennae: 39 or 40 articles. Ocelli: 1+3, 3, 3 or 1+3, 3, 2, 2. Prosternal teeth 6+6 to 7+7. Tergites: approaching the shape found in adults, but posterior borders of large tergites tend to be more deeply emarginate and posterior projections on short tergites tend to be narrower and sharper; posterior border of intermediate tergite straight or slightly emarginate in either sex. Coxal pores: 10 to 19 on each of the 12th to 15th coxae, usually many more on 12th than on 15th. Glandular pores of 15th legs: as in adult. General setae of 14th and 15th legs: much longer than in adult, those of metatarsus being about as long as the diameter of the article. Seriate setae of 14th and 15th legs: those of 14th tarsus and metatarsus as in adult; those of 15th metatarsus reduced to a few at the distal extremity of the article. Spinous setae of 14th leg: not fully developed. Setae of tuft (male): absent. Sculpturing of 15th legs: indistinct in males as in females. Spinulation of 14th and 15th legs: as in adult. Male genitalia: posterior border of genital sternite with or without a trace of median notch, with about 3 or 4 marginal setae on either side; basal article of gonopod as long as distal article. Female genitalia: gonopods fairly well-developed, completely segmented, with or without minute spurs, with a small claw.</p> <p>Fifth post-larval stadium (pseudomaturus)</p> <p>Length: 19 to 25 mm. Antennae: 40 to 49 articles. Ocelli: 1+3, 4, 3 to 1+4, 4, 3, 2. Prosternal teeth: 7+7 to 8+9. Tergites: as in last stadium but posterior border of intermediate tergite very slightly sinuous in male, with rounded or trapezoidal emargination in female. Coxal pores: 20 to 35 on each of the 12th to 15th coxae. General setae of 14th and 15th legs: those of metatarsus up to half and those of tarsus up to one third of the diameter of the article in length; others relatively shorter than in last stadium but longer than in adult. Seriate setae of 14th and 15th legs: as in adult but sometimes slightly reduced on 15th metatarsus. Spinous setae of 14th leg: as in adult, or the ventral external seta more slender. Setae of tuft (male): absent. Sculpturing of 15th legs: femoral sulci more distinct in males than in females, but basal femoral pit and pore-free area absent or ill-defined. Male genitalia: posterior border of genital sternite usually with a feeble median notch and about 6 to 8 marginal setae on either side; basal article of gonopod about half the length of distal article. Female genitalia: gonopods with small unequal spurs and a well-developed claw.</p> <p>DISCUSSION. This is the species which, ever since the publication of Pocock’s (1890) Synonymy (see p. 294), has been regarded by most authors as the typical form of Lithiobius fasciatus Newport. But Chamberlain (1925) designated L. grossipes C. L. Koch as the type species of Eupolybothrus and only he, among modern authors, uses</p> <p>C. L. Koch’s name either because he was not familiar with the current European literature or because he regarded Newport’s description of L. fasciatus as inadequate.</p> <p>It seems that when L. Koch redescribed L. grossipes in 1862 he had only the holotype before him and identified his other available specimens of the species either as L. montanus C. L. Koch or as a new species, L. festivus, based on immature examples. Most of the material in the Koch Collection was probably named subsequent to 1862 when L. Koch must have realised the identity of these three forms with one another and labelled them " L. grossipes " of " L. grossipes, festivus." His reason for the continued use of the name “festivus” on some of the labels is quite obscure and was not based on immaturity.</p> <p>E. grossipes has been fairly adequately described under either grossipes or “fasciatus” by a number of authors. Verhoeff (1937: 178) describes T.8, 10, 12 and 14 as having rounded posterior angles and T.9, 11 and 13 as having posterior projections with almost rectilinear borders. Whereas a few of Koch’s specimens have rounded angles on the large tergites as figured by Verhoeff (1937: 174, fig. 7, oben) for " fasciatus ", the majority of Koch’s and all Pocock’s specimens have sharp or even slightly produced angles, particularly on T.10 and 12, much as figured by Verhoeff (1937: 174, fig. 7, unten) for Polybothrus baldensis. The posterior projections on the short tergites are more often as described and figured by Verhoeff (1937: 173, fig. 6) for “fasciatus” but there is considerable variation and those of T.11 and 13 may have their internal borders so sinuous and emarginate, and their extremities so narrow, that they resemble the figure of E. litoralis (Fig. 12) or even Verhoeff’s (1937: 173, fig. 4) figure of T.13 in P. baldenis. The exact shape of the trunk tergites is so variable that it is of little use as a taxonomic character, and the above description as well as the figures of E. litoralis (Figs. 10 & 12) might apply equally to each of the three species under consideration.</p> <p>But this tendancy of the tergites to differ from the shape described by Verhoeff for “fasciatus” does occur more often in immature specimens both as regards the narrowing of the projections on the short tergites and the sharper angulation of the large ones; sharper angulation of the latter is often associated with increased concavity or emargination of their posterior borders as described by Verhoeff (1934: 72) for Polybothrus fasciatus albanicus. Verhoeff’s statement, therefore, when describing albanicus, that tergal projections are weaker (blunter) in immature than in mature specimens is not true of E. grossipes although it may be true of many species of Lithobiidae. These variations are well shown by Pocock’s specimens, the majority of which are immature. For example, angulation and emargination of T.14 is most marked in the earliest post-larval stadium (Fig. 7) and the last tergite (T.12) of the fourth larval stadium is even more deeply emargin
