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221 research outputs found

Strategic Reforms for Accelerated Agricultural Growth in Pakistan

Author: Rashid Faruqee
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Agricultural growth rates in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s show that strong growth during the 1960s was driven by several factors, including greater certainty in the use of irrigation water (as a result of an agreement with India), the introduction of productivityenhancing fertiliser-seed packages, the introduction of tubewells and the electrification of rural areas, and policy changes that improved the profitability of farming. Growth during the 1970s dropped to 2.3 percent as a result of the uncertainty created by land reforms in 1972 and 1977, severe climatic shocks, a cotton virus that depressed production for most of the decade, and political instability. The recovery in the 1980s and early 1990s can be attributed to the introduction of new cotton varieties and improved management techniques, as well as to a gradual improvement in economic incentives. Closer inspection of the nature and sources of this growth raises concerns about its sustainability and casts doubt on the ability of the sector to grow by more than 3–4 percent a year in the future. Many of the past sources of agricultural growth in Pakistan appear to have been fully exploited. Strategy for the future must effectively address the followings. Allowing the market to Operate, policy reforms that support the ongoing structural adjustment should be given top priority. To address the crisis in irrigation management market-determined incentives must be allowed to determine resource allocation within the irrigation system. Reform in extension should include establishing closer links with research institutions and reducing the number of front-line extension workers and replacing them with fewer, bettertrained workers who are more responsive to the needs of farming systems. Full-fledged land reform is difficult to enact and can be considered only after a comprehensive study of costs and benefits. Some important measures can be implemented immediately, however. Foremost is providing security of tenure to many farmers, especially tenants-at-will, thereby improving responsiveness to incentives and creating better incentives for long-term investments.

Research Papers in Economics

Studi Komparatif Pemikiran Filsafat Politik Ali Abdul Raziq dan Rashid Rida mengenai Khilafah

Author: Muliadi Muliadi
Rusliana Iu
Bara Unsi Andal
Publication venue
Publication date: 31/12/2022
Field of study

This article aims to explain the comparison of political philosophy thoughts, especially regarding the caliphate of two Muslim intellectual figures from Egypt who lived in the same period. Ali Abdul Raziq and Rashid Rida, these two figures talked about the formulation of the ideal state form for Muslims and the implementation of Islamic government. The author writes down the arguments of the two figures and then compares them with the formulations of the two. Khilafah which is a system of government that follows the leadership of the Prophet Muhammad, sharia as the legal basis and Islam as an ideology in running the government. This type of research is library research by applying the comparative method, which prioritizes library materials as the main source. The results of the research from the two Muslim intellectual works from Ali Abdul Raziq\u27s book entitled al-Islam wa Usul al-Hukm and the book Al-Khilafah wa Al-Imamah written by Rashid Rido, show that there are very basic differences in the thoughts of the two figures, where Rashid Rida firmly held the position that followers of Islam are required to uphold the caliphate in their country based on sharia and ijma. On the other hand, Ali Abdul Raziq argues that there is no binding obligation for Muslims to establish a caliphate in their country, he argues that Muslims are free to choose what ideology will be applied in a country. Because in the Qur\u27an and as-Sunnah do not regulate the form of state that Muslims must apply. The thought of Islamic political philosophy, of course, does not only come from these two figures, many Muslim intellectuals argue that this matter needs to be explored for the benefit of Muslims in terms of the state.Â

eJournal of Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University (UIN)

Malaria control dynamics in rural Tanzania : evaluation of implementation of artemisinin based anti-malarial combination therapy

Author: Khatib Rashid Ali
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2010
Field of study

Malaria is the most important parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus plasmodia that are transmitted by female anophelene mosquitoes. Plasmodium falciparum is the most important species owing to its distribution, virulence and pathogenicity. World-wide some 500 million infections, 200-300 million episodes and about 1 million malaria-related deaths occur every year amounting to a burden of some 45 million DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) [1]. At least 80% of this intolerable burden is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa with young children bearing the biggest share. In Tanzania, malaria accounts for not less than 30% of the country’s burden of disease [2]. Malaria can be cured if it is diagnosed and treated rapidly with effective drugs. Delay in diagnosis and treatment leads to the progression of disease and eventually death. Chloroquine and salfudoxine-pyremethamine (SP) had for a long time been the first-line treatment of choice for most endemic African countries but these drugs are no longer effective for treating patients in many parts owing to the development of resistance [3]. Artemisinin based Combination Therapy (ACT) is now widely recommended as the first-line treatment of choice owing to its efficacy, safety profile and the fact that no resistance has, so far, been described. Regarding prevention of malaria infections, Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) play the key role, while Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and elimination of mosquito breeding sites using larvicides are additional tools for integrated malaria control that can be applied dependant on local conditions. As a reaction to the growing resistance of malaria parasites to Chloroquine and SP, and when ACTs were being considered for first-line treatment, the Interdisciplinary Monitoring Project for Anti-malarial Combination Therapy for Tanzania (IMPACT-Tz) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT introduction and application in the Rufiji, Kilombero and Ulanga districts within the Coast and Morogoro Regions of Southern Tanzania. The present thesis was undertaken within the frame of IMPACT-Tz from 2001- 2006 with the following aims: (i) Describing patients’ adherence to ACT (ii) Following the dynamics of parasite prevalence during ACT promotion and use (iii) Analyzing the project’s impact on health facility use, and ITN coverage and its concomitant delivery strategies within the study areas of IMPACT-Tz . The present studies were based on the demographic surveillance systems which have been well established within the studied districts for many years. We conducted the study assessments using questionnaires to members of sampled households, key informant interviews and analyzed blood specimens that we concurrently collected during the interviews. Follow up visits to the homes of patients who had been treated with ACT at health facilities was the main method that we used to analyze patients’ adherence. Patients’ adherence to ACT showed very promising results with 75% reaching complete adherence as established by self-reporting and tablet counts. These results were substantially better than reported elsewhere and compared favorably with former intervention studies to optimize adherence to chloroquine. ITN coverage continuously increased through mixed delivery strategies involving free distribution during an immunization campaign combined with social marketing and a voucher system. All delivery mechanisms, especially sale of nets at full market price, tended to under-serve the poorest. Voucher-subsidized and freely distributed nets did not appear to create inequalities. In 2005, overall net use reached 62.7% and that among infants 87.2%. Thirty percent of all nets had been treated six months prior to the interview. The parasite prevalence declined over the study period and was clearly related to the interventions. In 2001, parasite prevalence was 26% in the general population of Rufiji and 18% in Ifakara. Following the deployment of ACT in 2003, there was a sharp decline of malaria prevalence from 29% in 2002 to 19% in 2004 in Rufiji. It remained the same in 2005 and decreased to 15% in 2006. The respective estimates for Ifakara were 22% in 2002, 25% in 2004, 11% in 2005 and 14% in 2006. The prevalence of anaemia (Hb<8g/dl) measured from 2004 to 2006 showed a drop from 23% in 2004 to 16% in 2005 and 2006 in Rufiji. Respective values for Ifakara were 12%, 18% and 10%. Use of any nets increased from 18% in 2001 to 63% in 2006 in Rufiji and from 69% to 86% in Ifakara. Treatment-seeking also changed with the introduction of AC. Starting with 31- 35% of febrile episodes seen at health facility level at the beginning of the study, an increase to up to 45% was observed as a consequence of ACT introduction. Treatment seeking in the comparison district where SP was still used as first-line treatment as stipulated in the national policy, treatment-seeking showed fluctuations but remained basically unchanged. Young children were those most seen with febrile episodes. The least poor showed higher health facility usage than the poorest segments of the population. Our study suggests that ACT first-line therapy is an accepted and feasible approach that can reduce both the burden of disease and transmission when ACT is offered at health facility level. ACT was effective as part of an integrated approach that also entailed the promotion of ITNs. The study further demonstrated that high levels of adherence to ACT can be reached provided treatment is preceded by sufficient health worker training together with innovative information, education and communication. Provision of ACT at health facilities improves the use of health facilities in a broad sense. Achieving and sustaining broad access to ACTs will require other strategies for ACT delivery that include all providers of services and may include home-based management in order to reach all segments of a population and, thus, to achieve equitable access. There are additional other important issues that need to be investigated further such as how ACTs can be effectively made available to all possible health service providers in a given area, also including possible home management strategies to achieve broad and equitable access to rapid diagnosis and treatment. Finally we need to understand to what extent synergies are created when different sets of malaria control interventions are implemented concomitantly and/or sequentially with different time-space dynamics of coverage. Such information is critical for tailoring strategies to different endemic settings and for moving from control towards elimination. References 1. Breman JG, Egan A, Keutsch GT: The intolerable burden of malaria: a new look at the numbers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001, 64 (Supplement 1)(1,2):iv-vii. 2. De Savigny D, Kasale H: New weapons in the war on malaria. 2004. 3. Bloland PB: Making malaria treatment policy in the face of drug resistance. Annals of Tropical Medicine And Parasitology 1999, 93(1):5-23. Zusammenfassung Malaria ist die wichtigste parasitäre Erkrankung, welche durch die Protozoen der Gattung Plasmodia verursacht wird. Die Plasmodien werden durch die weiblichen Moskitos der Gattung Anopheles übertragen. Plasmodium falciparum ist die wichtigste Spezies aufgrund ihrer Verbreitung, Virulenz und Pathogenität. Weltweit gibt es geschätzte 500 Millionen Infizierte, wobei etwa 200-300 Millionen Episoden und 1 Million Tote jedes Jahr durch Malaria verursacht werden, was 45 Millionen DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) entspricht. Mindestens 80% von dieser Krankheitslast konzentriert sich auf Afrika südlich der Sahara und dort wiederum insbesondere auf junge Kinder. In Tansania ist Malaria für nicht weniger als 30% der gesamten nationalen Krankheitslast verantwortlich. Malaria kann geheilt werden, wenn die Krankheit rechtzeitig diagnostiziert und mit wirksamen Medikamenten behandelt wird. Verzögerungen in der Diagnose oder Behandlung können zu einem Fortschreiten der Krankheit und letztlich zum Tod führen. Chloroquine und Salfudoxine-Pyremethamine (SP) waren lange Zeit in den meisten endemischen Ländern in Afrika als Erstbehandlung vorgesehen, sind aber heute aufgrund von zunehmenden Resistenzen vielerorts nicht mehr wirksam. Wegen ihrer Wirksamkeit, ihres Sicherheitsprofils und bisher noch nicht aufgetretenen Resistenzbildungen wird deshalb heutzutage die so genannte Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) als Erstbehandlung empfohlen. In Bezug auf die Prävention spielen Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN) eine Schlüsselrolle. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) sowie das Eliminieren von Moskitobrutstätten mit Larviziden sind zusätzliche Massnahmen für eine lokal angepasste, integrierte Malariakontrolle. Als Reaktion auf die zunehmende Resistenz der Malaria-Erreger gegenüber Chloroquine und SP wurde der Einsatz von ACT als neue Methode der Erstbehandlung in Betracht gezogen. Um die Wirksamkeit von ACT im Rufiji, Kilombero und Ulanga Distrikt in der Küsten- und der Morogoro-Region im Süden von Tansania zu evaluieren, wurde das Interdisciplinary Monitoring Project for Anti-malarial Combination Therapy for Tanzania (IMPACT-Tz) konzipiert. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit wurde im Rahmen von IMPACT-Tz zwischen 2001 und 2006 durchgeführt und beabsichtigte innerhalb des IMPACT-Tz Studiengebietes (i) die Befolgung der ACT durch die Patienten zu beschreiben, (ii) die Dynamik der Parasiten-Prävalenz während der ACT Förderung und Anwendung zu beschreiben, (iii) den Einfluss des Projekts auf die Nutzung von Gesundheitseinrichtungen und ITNs unter Berücksichtigung von deren Verfügbarkeit und Belieferungsstrategien zu analysieren. Die Studien stützten sich auf die seit einigen Jahren in den Studiengebieten etablierten Demographic Surveillance Systems (DSS). Zur Durchführung der Studien befragten wir Mitglieder von ausgewählten Haushalten mit Hilfe von Fragebogen, führten Interviews mit Key Informants und analysierten Blutproben, welche gleichzeitig mit den Interviews eingesammelt wurden. Hausbesuche bei Patienten, welche in den Gesundheitseinrichtungen mit ACT behandelt wurden, waren die grundlegende Methode um die Befolgung der Therapie durch die Patienten zu beschreiben. Die Resultate zur Befolgung der ACT-Therapie durch die Patienten waren viel versprechend. Gemessen an den Aussagen der Patienten und dem Auszählen der Tabletten befolgten 75% der Patienten die Therapie vollständig. Diese Resultate waren deutlich besser als anderswo und auch besser als Resultate von früheren Interventionsstudien zur Optimierung der Befolgung von Chloroquine- Behandlungen. Der Deckungsgrad mit ITNs stieg kontinuierlich dank einer gemischten Belieferungsstrategie, welche eine Gratis-Verteilung während Impfkampagnen mit Massnahmen des Social Marketing und einem Gutschein-System kombinierte. Alle Belieferungsmechanismen und insbesondere der Verkauf von ITNs zu Marktpreisen tendierten dazu die Ärmsten unterzuversorgen. Durch Gutscheine subventionierte und gratis verteilte Netze schienen am wenigsten Ungleichheiten zu erzeugen. Gesamthaft erreichte der Anteil von Netzbenutzer im Jahr 2005 62.7% und sogar 87.2% bei Kindern. Dreissig Prozent aller Netze wurde in den letzten sechs Monaten vor dem Interview mit Insektizid behandelt. Die Parasiten-Prävalenz war eindeutig mit den Interventionen verbunden und nahm im Verlauf der Studien ab. 2001 betrug die Prävalenz 26% in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung von Rufiji und 18% in Ifakara. Nach dem Start der ATC-Anwendung 2003 sank die Malaria-Prävalenz in Rufiji von 29% im Jahr 2002 auf 19% im Jahr 2004 deutlich, blieb im Jahr 2005 konstant und sank schliesslich noch einmal auf 15% im Jahr 2006. Dieselben Schätzungen für Ifakara sind 22% 2002, 25% 2004, 11% 2005 und 14% 2006. Die Anaemie- Prävalenz (Hb<8g/dl) in Rufiji sank von 23% 2004 auf 16% 2005 und 2006. Dieselben Werte für Ifakara liegen bei 12%, 18% und 10%. In Rufiji nahm die Anwendung von Moskitonetzen aller Art von 18% im Jahr 2001 auf 63% im Jahr 2006 zu und in Ifakara von 69% auf 86%. Durch die Einführung von ACTs änderte sich auch das so genannte Treatment- Seeking. Als Konsequenz der Einführung von ACTs stieg der Anteil Fieberepisoden, welche auch zu den Gesundheitseinrichtungen gelangten, von 31-35% auf 45% im Verlauf der Studien. Treatment-Seeking in einem Vergleichsdistrikt, wo gemäss der nationalen Strategie immer noch SP als Erstbehandlung verwendet wurde, zeigte zwar Fluktuationen, blieb aber im Wesentlichen unverändert. Im Zusammenhang mit Fieberepisoden wurden am häufigsten junge Kinder festgestellt. Die reichsten Bevölkerungssegmente benützten die Gesundheitseinrichtungen häufiger als die ärmsten. Unsere Studien zeigen, dass ACT als Erstbehandlung in Gesundheitseinrichtungen ein akzeptierter und realisierbarer Ansatz ist, der sowohl die Krankheitslast als auch die Krankheitsübertragung einschränken kann. ACT war wirksam als ein Teil eines integrierten Ansatzes, der auch die Förderung von ITNs beinhaltete. Die Studien zeigen auch, dass eine gute Befolgung der ACT erreicht werden kann, wenn den Behandlungen ein ausreichendes Training des Gesundheitspersonals und innovative Informations-, Aufklärungs- und Kommunikationsmassnahmen vorangehen. Die Bereitstellung von ACT in Gesundheitseinrichtungen verbessert die Nutzung dieser Einrichtungen in vielerlei Hinsicht. Zur Erreichung und Gewährleistung eines breiten Zugangs zu ACTs sind aber auch andere Abgabestrategien nötig, welche alle Anbieter von Gesundheitsleistungen mit einschliessen und für die bessere Erreichbarkeit und Zugangsgerechtigkeit auch heimbasierte Behandlungen zulassen. Dementsprechend gibt es wichtige Probleme, welche weitere Forschungsanstrengungen benötigen. Wie zum Beispiel können ACTs wirksam und unter Berücksichtigung sowohl aller Anbieter von Gesundheitsleistungen in einem bestimmten Gebiet als auch aller Möglichkeiten der heimbasierten Behandlung zur Verfügung gestellt werden, so dass ein möglichst breiter und gerechter Zugang zu schnellen Diagnosen und Behandlungen erreicht werden kann? Zudem sollten wir Synergien, welche entstehen, wenn verschiedene Malariakontrollinterventionen begleitend und/oder einander nachfolgend in unterschiedlichen Zeit-Raum-Dynamiken der Abdeckung implementiert werden, besser verstehen. Diese Informationen sind entscheidend um massgeschneiderte Strategien für verschiedene endemische Situationen zu entwerfen und um einen Schritt von der Malariakontrolle hin zur Malariaelimination zu machen. MUHTASARI Ugonjwa wa malaria huambukizwa na vimelea vya aina ya P.Falciparum. Vimelea hivi huenezwa na mbu wa kike wa aina ya anophelene. Vimelea hivi vya P.Falciparum vina usumbufu wa kipekee kwa vile vipo maeneo mengi na vinazaliana haraka haraka na kuzaa ugonjwa mbaya. Kila mwaka wata wapatao millioni 500 humbukizwa vimelea ambapo wagonjwa baina ya millioni 200 mpaka 300 huugua ugonjwa wa malaria na kiasi ya wagonjwa millioni moja hufa kote duniani. Jumla ya maisha ya binadamu inayopotea kutokana na vifo na kuugua ugonjwa huu inakadiriwa kufikia miaka millioni 45. Kiasi ya asilimia thamanini ya hasara hii hupatikana katika bara la Africa na wanaoathirika zaidi ni watoto wadogo wadogo. Nchini Tanzania kiasi ya asilimia thelathini ya hasara iletwayo na magonjwa husababishwa na malaria. Ugonjwa wa malaria unaweza kutambulika na kutibika kwa haraka kwa dawa imara. Ugonjwa huu hugeuka kuwa hatari sana na kusababisha vifo vingi ikiwa matibabu yake yatacheleweshwa. Dawa za Chloroquine na salfadoxinepyremethamine (SP) ambazo kwa muda mrefu zilikuwa zinatumika kutibia ugonjwa huu katika nchi za Africa zenye kuambukizwa zaidi, sasa hivi hazifanyi tena kazi kwa sababu ya usugu wa vimelea. Dawa za mseto zenye mchanganyiko wa artemisinin (ACT) sasa hivi zinapendekezwa zaidi kutokana na kuthibitika uimara na usalama na kwa vile kwa sasa hakuna matokeo ya usugu wa vimelea uliotolewa taarifa. Pamoja na hayo, Ugonjwa wa malaria unakingika kwa kutumia vyandarua vyenye viatilifu (ITN), dawa za kunyunyiza majumbani na kuuwa mayai ya mbu kwa kutumia dawa katika mazalia ya mbu. Katika kipindi ambapo dawa za Chloroquine na SP zilikuwa zinashindwa kwa kasi kubwa kuponesha ugonjwa wa malaria, mradi wa kutathmini dawa mseto za malaria (IMPACT-TZ) ulibuniwa na ulifanya tathmini ya dawa mseto katika wilaya za Rufiji, Kilombero na Ulanga zilizopo mikoa ya Pwani na Morogoro nchini Tanzania. Kitabu hiki cha uhitimu wangu wa shahada ya udaktari wa falsafa katika fani ya epidemiology kinatokana na utafiti uliofanywa chini ya muavuli wa mradi wa IMPACT-Tz kati ya mwaka 2001 mpaka 2006. Madhumuni yake ni (i)kutathmini jinsi wagonjwa wa malaria waliotibiwa kwa dawa mseto walivykuwa wakitumia dawa hizo kwa usahihi; (ii) kufuatilia uwepo wa vimelea vya malaria katika kipindi ambacho dawa mseto zilihamasishwa na kutumika; na (iii) kutafiti athari ya utekelezaji wa mradi huu kwa matumizi ya vituo vya tiba na pia matumizi ya vyandarua vyente viatilifu na mikakati mbali mbali ya kuvisambaza katika vijiji vilivyokuwa kwenye mradi. Tathmini hizi zilifanywa katika vijiji vilivyo kwenye mpango wa kufuatilia taarifa zinazohusu uhamiaji, uhamaji, vizazi na vifo (DSS sites) katiak sehemu za Rufiji na Ifaka zilizo chini ya Taasisi ya Utafiti wa afya ya binadamu ya Ifakara (IHI). Utaratibu huu wa DSS ulishakuwepo kwenye vijiji hivyo kwa muda mrefu. Tulifanya utafiti huu kwa njia ya mahojiano na wanakaya wa kaya ambazo zilichaguliwa kwa bahati nasibu na kwa kuhakiki matone ya damu yaliyokuwa yakichukuliwa wakati wa mahojiano. Katika kuangalia matumizi ya dawa mseto kwa usahihi, tulikuwa tunawazungukia wagonjwa waliokuwa walishatibiwa kwa dawa mseto katika vituo vya tiba majumbani mwao na kuwadodosa jinsi walivyokuwa wametumia dawa hizo. Jumla ya wagonjwa 253 walifuatiliwa majumbani mwao kuulizwa maswali baada ya masaa 24 na 48 tokea kwenda kituoni kupata matibabu. Ilionekana kuwa asilimia 75 ya wagonjwa waliofuatiliwa baada ya masaa 48 walitumia dawa mseto kiusahihi. Haya yalipimwa kwa kukehasabu idadi ya vidonge vilivyokuwa vimebaki na taarifa za mgonjwa mwenyewe walipotembelewa majumbani mwao na kudodoswa na wahojaji. Kwa kweli majibu haya ya wagonjwa kutumia dawa mseto kiusahihi yalikuwa bora kuliko majibu yaliyokuya yamepatikana huko nyuma katika tathmini ya dawa za Chloroquine Matumizi ya vyandarua vyenye viatilifu yalikuwa yanaongezeka kutokana na vyandaraua hivyo kusambazwa kwa kutumia njia mseto ambazo zilijumuisha ugawaji wa vyandarua vya bure siku ya chanjo na kwa njia ya soko na hati punguzo. Njia zote hizo hasa ile ya kuviuza vyandarua dukani haikuwanyanyua sana watu maskini sana. Vyandarau vilivyotolewa bure na vile vilivyouzwa kwa hati punguzo havikuonekana kuleta kutokuwepo na usawa. Katika mwaka 2005, matumizi ya kila aina ya chandarua yalifikia silimia 63 na kwa watoto wachanga peke yao yalifikia asilimia 87. Asilimia thelathini ya vyandarua vilikuwa vimewekwa viatilifu kipindi cha miezi 6 kabla ya mahojiano. Ama katika tathmini ya vimelea vya malaria katika jamii, tuliona kuwa mwaka 2001 uwepo wa vimelea ulikuw asilimia 26 ya watu wote katika DSS upande wa Rufiji ikilinganishwa na asilimia 18 katika upande wa Ifakara. Uwepo wa vimelea ulipungua hadi kufikia asilimia 19 mwaka 2004 kwa upande wa Rufiji baada ya kanzishwa matibabu ya dawa mseto mwaka 2003. Katika mwaka 2002 uwepo wa vimelea huko ulikuwa 29%. Baadae kiwango hicho cha mwaka 2004 huko Rufiji kilibaki hivyo kwa mwaka 2005 na kushuka kufikia asilimia 15 mwaka 2006. Tathmini ya Ifakara ilionesha kuwa uwepo wa vimelea ulikuwa 22% mwaka 2002, 25% katika mwaka 2004, 11% mwaka 2005 na 14% mwaka 2006. Kwa upande wa upungufu wa damu mwilini , tathmini yetu iliyofanywa mwaka 2004 mpaka 2006 katika upande wa Rufiji ilionesha kuwa upungufu ulipungua kutoka asilimia 23 mwaka 2004 hadi 16% mwaka 2005 na 2006. Upande wa Ifakara hali ilikuwa 12% mwaka 2004, 18% mwaka 2005 na 10% mwaka 2006. Matumizi ya vyandarua yaliongezeka huko Rufiji kutoka asilimia 18% mwaka 2001 na kufikia asilimia 63 mwaka 2006. Na huko Ifakara matumizi yalikuwa asilimia 69 mwaka 2001 na kuongezeka kuwa asilimia 86 mwaka 2006. Katika tathmini yetu ya kujua matumizi ya vituo vya matibabu kwa wale waliosema waligua homa au malaria wiki mbili kabla ya mahojiano tuligundua kwamba matumizi ya chanzo hicho yalikuwa 31% na 35% kwa mika ya 2001 na 2002 huko Rufiji. Hii ni miaka kabla ya kuanza kutibu malaria kwa kutumia dawa mseto katika vituo vya afya sehemu hiyo. Matumizi yaliongezeka kufikia 45% katika mwaka 2004, mwaka mmoja baada ya kuanza dawa hizo katika vituo vya afya peke yake. Matumizi hayo yalipungua kidogo na kufikia 41% mwaka 2005. Yalianguka zaidi mwaka 2006 kwa kufikia 30% tu. Kwa upande wa Ifakara ambako wagonjwa waliendelea na sera ya serikali kwa nchi nzima ya matibabu ya dawa isiyo ya mseto ya SP wakati ule , wagonjwa waliopata matibabu yao kutoka vituo vya Afya yalikuwa 27% kunako mwaka 2001 na 33% katika mwaka 2002. Hali ilishuka na kufikia 29% kunako mwaka 2004 na kuongezeka kufikia 36% katika mwaka 2005 na kutokuwepo na mabadiliko katika mwaka 2006. Katika kuhusisha matumizi haya ya vituo vya afya na rika za watu, watoto chini ya miaka 5 walikuwa wanatumia vituo hivyo mara nyingi zaidi kuliko wenye umri zaidi yao kutoka zote za Rufiji na Ifakara. Aidha, wale wenye unafuu wa maisha walikuwa na fursa zaidi ya kutumia vituo vya matibabu kwa zaidi ya 50% ya wale waliokuwa wanaishi maisha ya chini zaidi kutoka katika sehemu zot

edoc

Malaria Control Dynamics in Rural Tanzania: Evaluation\ud of implementation of Artemisinin based Anti-malarial\ud Combination Therapy

Author: Khatib Rashid Ali
Publication venue
Publication date: 2010
Field of study

Access to Artemisinin-Based Anti-Malarial Treatment and its Related Factors in Rural Tanzania.

Author: Mrisho Gumi A
Njozi Mustafa H.
Kajungu Dan
Amuri Mbaraka
Selemani Majige
Khatib Rashid A.
Gumi A Mrisho
Mustafa H Njozi
Irene Kuepfer
Masanja Irene M
Abdulla Salim M.
Masanja Irene M.
Njozi Mustafa H
Mbaraka Amuri
de Savigny Don
Irene M Masanja
Abdulla Salim M
Dan Kajungu
Kuepfer Irene
Mrisho Gumi A.
Rashid A Khatib
Don de Savigny
Majige Selemani
Khatib Rashid A
Salim M Abdulla
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2013
Field of study

Artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT) has been widely adopted as one of the main malaria control strategies. However, its promise to save thousands of lives in sub-Saharan Africa depends on how effective the use of ACT is within the routine health system. The INESS platform evaluated effective coverage of ACT in several African countries. Timely access within 24 hours to an authorized ACT outlet is one of the determinants of effective coverage and was assessed for artemether-lumefantrine (Alu), in two district health systems in rural Tanzania. From October 2009 to June 2011we conducted continuous rolling household surveys in the Kilombero-Ulanga and the Rufiji Health and Demographic Surveillance Sites (HDSS). Surveys were linked to the routine HDSS update rounds. Members of randomly pre-selected households that had experienced a fever episode in the previous two weeks were eligible for a structured interview. Data on individual treatment seeking, access to treatment, timing, source of treatment and household costs per episode were collected. Data are presented on timely access from a total of 2,112 interviews in relation to demographics, seasonality, and socio economic status. In Kilombero-Ulanga, 41.8% (CI: 36.6-45.1) and in Rufiji 36.8% (33.7-40.1) of fever cases had access to an authorized ACT provider within 24 hours of fever onset. In neither of the HDSS site was age, sex, socio-economic status or seasonality of malaria found to be significantly correlated with timely access. Timely access to authorized ACT providers is below 50% despite interventions intended to improve access such as social marketing and accreditation of private dispensing outlets. To improve prompt diagnosis and treatment, access remains a major bottle neck and new more innovative interventions are needed to raise effective coverage of malaria treatment in Tanzania

Crossref

LSHTM Research Online

Springer - Publisher Connector

edoc

Destroying the Soul of the Yazidis: Cultural Heritage Destruction during the Islamic State's Genocide against the Yazidis

Author: Salih Hassan
Nawaf Maher G
Khudida Burjus Ahmed
Walasek Helen
Ali Majid Hassan
Navrouzov Natia
Qari Dawood Sulaiman
Fobbe Sean
Hopper Kristen
Birjandian Sara
Philip Graham
Lawrence Daniel
Rashidani Salim
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2019
Field of study

Abstract On 2 August 2019, the eve of the 5th anniversary of the attacks on Sinjar by the Islamic State (IS), RASHID International, Yazda and the Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Project (EAMENA) released the results of their investigation into cultural heritage destruction during the genocide against the Yazidis, in a report entitled ‘Destroying the Soul of the Yazidis: Cultural Heritage Destruction during the Islamic State’s Genocide against the Yazidis’. Out of the total of 68 sites reported destroyed we consider 16 sites in the Bahzani/Bashiqa area and 8 in the Sinjar area to which access was possible and which could be documented. Discussions of the genocide committed against the Yazidi people by IS from 2014 onwards have generally focused on murder, slavery and sexual exploitation. In this report we analyze the destruction of Yazidi tangible and intangible cultural heritage as a significant facet of the Islamic State’s policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide. Evidence of destruction is collected and presented in context with other criminal acts. Peer Review A peer-reviewed academic article based on the report was published in the Asian Yearbook of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (AYHR), Volume 5, pp 111-144, DOI: 10.1163/9789004466180_006. The author manuscript of the article is available open access. The AYHR is edited by Professor Javaid Rehman, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Content Section 1 introduces the Yazidi (Êzidî being the preferred term) people and their strong connection to their cultural heritage. Section 2 provides an overview of the genocide against the Yazidis. The Islamic State made no secret of its intention to eradicate the Yazidi community and commenced a coldly calculated policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide on 3 August 2014. Section 3 analyzes the relevant framework of international criminal law. The destruction of tangible cultural heritage is most easily prosecuted as a war crime. Several convictions were obtained before the ICTY, as well as one conviction (Al-Mahdi) and one indictment (Ag Mahmoud) before the International Criminal Court. Attacks against tangible heritage may also be prosecuted as the crime of persecution, a crime against humanity. Numerous indictments and convictions before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and other courts attest to the viability of this approach. Finally, destruction of tangible heritage also serves as evidence of the special intent to destroy (dolus specialis) a protected group as part of the crime of genocide. Section 4 provides original research, evidence and context on the destruction of Yazidi tangible cultural heritage in the Bahzani/Bashiqa and Sinjar areas of northern Iraq. We present satellite imagery analysis conducted by the EAMENA Project, drawing on data provided by Yazidi representatives. According to the Department of Yazidi Affairs in the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in the Kurdistan Regional Government 68 Yazidi sites were destroyed by the Islamic State. We consider 16 sites in the Bahzani/Bashiqa area and 8 in the Sinjar area to which access was possible and which could be documented. We include description and religious importance of each site, satellite analysis and photographic evidence. Section 5 offers conclusions and recommendations. We conclude that the destruction of the cultural heritage of the Yazidi people constitutes a war crime, a crime against humanity (persecution) and further evidence of genocide. Contact Seán Fobbe Chief Legal Officer (RASHID International) [email protected]

Durham Research Online

ZENODO

Usuli Shi'ism and state approaches to Islamic unity: the ecumenical movement in post-Safavid Iran

Author: Alenezi Fahaad J.M.M.
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2009
Field of study

Durham e-Theses

اختيار القناة الأفضل في شبكات الاتصال اللاسلكية المحلية

Author: Ibrahim Ahmad Abdallah Alwawi
ابراهيم أحمد عبد الله الواوي
Publication venue
Publication date: 10/05/2017
Field of study

Al-Quds University Digital Repository

Astrology in literature: how the prohibited became permissible in the Arabic poetry of the mediaeval period

Author: Al Abbasi Abeer Abdullah A
Publication venue
Publication date: 01/01/2008
Field of study

This thesis is concerned to position the art of astrology within the context of classical Arabic poetry, primarily by investigating and elucidating attitudes to the notion of qadar (fate) and the ideology in which it was embedded. These attitudes were revelatory of the broader world view of the Arabs of those periods, and their shifts from those held in the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras tell us a good deal about the importance given to the nature and role of fate and about the various understandings of its influence. The pre-Islamic Arab's notion of qadar was in some ways similar to that of the early Muslims: both emphasised predetermination and the irresistible power of fate. But while the jahilf (Pre-Islamic) Arabs identified fate with the malign power of dahr (Time), the Muslims believed the power of fate lies in the hands of God the Omnipotent, who alone is responsible for the fate of the whole universe. Thus the astrology of the pre-Islamic era was one aspect of divination (kihana) and claimed to be able to reveal in advance an individual's destiny, which could be avoided by taking certain precautions. These precautions, however, were considered effective only in relatively trivial cases; they were useless in the areas of major impact: a person's happiness or misery (shaqiiwa aw sa ada), sustenance (rizq) and one's term (ajal), the three inevitable and irresistible manifestations of fate. In the Islamic period not only these major aspects of life are governed and controlled by the Omnipotent; the destiny of the universe, in even its most minute details, is determined and controlled by God alone. Astrology was considered to be of no value whatsoever, and its practitioners were subject to the death penalty. These two irreconcilable views are evident in early Islamic poetry, which reflected clearly the response of poets, and society, to astrology from the perspective of qadar. When the orthodox caliphate was replaced by dynastic rule the status of astrology was changed dramatically. The idea that the stars, as indicators, play a role in the life of human beings found popowerful supporters in some governors of the Islamic world, who allowed astrology to fulfil a public function regardless of the hostility of the official religion of that society. This social phenomenon generated rich material of a controversial character in the realm of literature. Investigating the factors, motivations and impact of mediaeval political, theological and philosophical attitudes to astrology, in relation to the notions of free will and predestination, is the concern of this study

White Rose E-theses Online

OpenGrey Repository

Perfect Competition

Author: Khan M. Ali Khan
Publication venue
Publication date
Field of study

In his 1987 entry on ‘Perfect Competition’ in The New Palgrave, the author reviewed the question of the perfectness of perfect competition, and gave four alternative formalisations rooted in the so-called Arrow-Debreu-Mckenzie model. That entry is now updated for the second edition to include work done on the subject during the last twenty years. A fresh assessment of this literature is offered, one that emphasises the independence assumption whereby individual agents are not related except through the price system. And it highlights a ‘linguistic turn’ whereby Hayek’s two fundamental papers on ‘division of knowledge’ are seen to have devastating consequences for this research programme.Allocation of Resources; Perfect Competition; Exchange Economy

Research Papers in Economics