661 research outputs found
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
No full textThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
Smart auto toilet system / Muhammad Aizmin Misel Khan & Nur Hanisah Musa
No full textThis Smart Auto Toilet System is a project that basically used switching concept by using water level detector circuit and infrared circuit to control the output of the on/off magnetic door circuitry. The aim of the project is to study the relationship between the automatic toilet door system and the water level in high or low condition. The project functionality had been optimized by using Proteus software as to visualize it to get the expected result before the hardware and design prototype of the project was fabricated. To get the output result, an electrical equipment such as multimeter was used to check the continuity of the circuit to ensure that the project can run smoothly as this project was mostly depend on the hardware functionality. The result for this project after hardware implementation is that the detection of human by using passive infrared sensor will energize the relay located on the infrared circuit. As the result, the infrared sensor will energized the on/off magnetic door circuit thus activate the electromagnetic door to be in lock state. To unlock the electromagnetic door, water detector circuit will be used to detect the water level of the project. The water detector functions when the water level is at low state. The relay for water detector will be energize as the water level is low thus dis-energized the on/off magnetic door relay and as the result, the electromagnetic door will be unlocked. It is observed that the project is suitable to be implemented on a public toilet as to increase the awareness of the public toward cleanliness and to be concern about safety matte
The political and economic role of trade, unions and associations in the Gaza strip 1967-1993
No full textThis thesis attempts to examine the political and economic role of the trade unions and associations in the Gaza Strip 1967-1993. The main theme of analysis is based upon the assumption that these indigenous organizations showed a high degree of politicization. The thesis discusses the unstable socio-economic-organizational- political-and legal setting in the Gaza Strip under the Israeli occupation which constituted a limit on the overall performance of the Palestinian organizations. Within this volatile setting, three main actors interacted: the trade unions and associations, the Israeli occupation authorities, and the Palestinian political factions. The study gives a general review of the associations and non governmental organizations working in the Gaza Strip and it examines the genesis of the Palestinian trade unionism and the trade unions in the Gaza Strip. These organizations constituted a Palestinian institutional- organizational national response and worked parallel to the occupation apparatus. The thesis goes on to analyse the political role of the trade unions and associations in the Gaza Strip through discussing : the nature of their relationship with the Israeli authorities; their relationship with the Palestinian political movements; their positions towards the uprising (intifada); and their attitudes towards the peace process. The study argues further that the economic role of the trade unions and association was very limited compared to their political role. The loan programmes and economic activities of two lending organizations working the Gaza Strip are examined. The lending capacity of the credit organizations was less than US250 million in 1993). Most of their loans went to finance services, consumptive, and non-productive projects
Theretra alecto Linnaeus 1758
No full textTheretra alecto (Linnaeus, 1758) Plate 3, Fig. 57 Material examined. PAKISTAN, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,] Rawalakot, 1999, M. Rafique Khan; Islamabad, July, 2006, collector not known; NARC, 26. vii. 2003, collector not known; NARC, 0 7. ix. 2005, Akram; NARC, 16. vii. 2006, Falak Naz; NARC, 13. ix. 2006, M. Boota; NARC, 14. ix. 2006, collector not known; NARC, 18. iv. 2006, Amjad Bukhari; as previous except 28. ix. 2006; NARC, 19. v. 2009, M. Saeed. Remarks. This species was reported in Pakistan from Lala Musa, Jehlum and Faisalabad by Mehmood et al. (1996), and from Peshawar and Rawalpindi by Mohyuddin (1987). Theretra alecto occurs from the Balkans east across the Middle East and Central Asia, then south of the Himalaya through India and Sri Lanka and South East Asia, to southern China, Taiwan and southern Japan; then southeast through the Philippines and the Indonesian Archipelago as far as the Moluccas (Pittaway & Kitching, 2013).Published as part of Rafi, Muhammad Ather, Sultan, Amir, Kitching, Ian J., Pittaway, Anthony R., Markhasiov, Maxim, Khan, Muhammad Rafique & Naz, Falak, 2014, The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 393-418 in Zootaxa 3794 (3) on page 409, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3794.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/23055
The Alliance between Mengu-Timur and Abaga: The Problem of Sources Interpretation and Translation of Persian and Turkic Terms in Arabic Texts (on the example of “Collection of Materials Relating to the Golden Horde History. Volume I. Excerpts from the Arabic Writings” composed by V.G. Tiesenhausen) »
No full textThe Turkish author Ihsan Fazlioğlu presents to attention of readers the second part of the article “A Masterpiece of Computational Mathematics” (“et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”). The author of this article presents the first example of an established scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began before Janibek khan, during the reign of Uzbek khan. The work written in the Golden Horde on a mathematical topic occupies a special place because of the information contained therein. This treatise shows that the scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began with the conversion to Islam, brought results in a short time and laid the foundations for “breakthroug” during the reign of Janibek khan.
The author examines this composition from a historical perspective. The Computational book “et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”, whose author is unknown, was handed during the reign of Uzbek Khan (1313–1342) to the ruler of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde Ebul-Muzaffer Giyaseddin Tuluktemir bey. After mentioning the distinguishing features of the work, the author pays particular attention to the definition of numbers, which is attributed to Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi and which, at the moment, is not recorded elsewhere. The author disputes the capacity for understanding of the evidence used in the calculation, surveying, and algebra, and will consider definitions with respect to the theory of numbers. Further, the author will analyze the formula of approximate values of square and cube roots of irrational numbers proposed by Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Abdulkadir al-Baghdadi, and the teacher of the author, Saduruddin al-Farazi.
This part examines the author of the work and features of his age as well as the scientific environment that contributed to the writing of the “et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”. The article presents the contents of the work and familiarizes the reader with the scientists and their works, which are referenced by the author
The First Mathematical Book in the Golden Horde State: A Masterpiece of Computational Mathematics (“et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”) (2) »
No full textThe Turkish author Ihsan Fazlioğlu presents to attention of readers the third part of the article “A Masterpiece of Computational Mathematics” (“et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”). The author of this article presents the first example of an established scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began before Janibek khan, during the reign of Uzbek khan. The work written in the Golden Horde on a mathematical topic occupies a special place because of the information contained therein. This treatise shows that the scientific activity in the Golden Horde, which began with the conversion to Islam, brought results in a short time and laid the foundations for “breakthroug” during the reign of Janibek khan.
The author examines this composition from a historical perspective. The Computational book “et-Tuhfe fî ilmi’l-hisâb”, whose author is unknown, was handed during the reign of Uzbek Khan (1313–1342) to the ruler of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde Ebul-Muzaffer Giyaseddin Tuluktemir bey. After mentioning the distinguishing features of the work, the author pays particular attention to the definition of numbers, which is attributed to Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwarizmi and which, at the moment, is not recorded elsewhere. The author analyzes the formula of approximate values of square and cube roots of irrational numbers proposed by Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Abdulkadir al-Baghdadi, and the teacher of the author, Saduruddin al-Farazi.
This part examines issues such as numbers and their characteristics, approximate values of square and cube roots of irrational numbers, the square and cube root of irrational numbers. Analysis of the works show that Islamic mathematics in the Golden Horde developed to a serious level
Musa b. Ukbe’nin (v. 141/ 758) Siyer’e dair rivayetlerinin değerlendirilmesi (hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetine kadar)
No full textHz. Muhammed’in hayatının peygamberlik öncesi dönemi hakkında İslam Tarihi kaynaklarında oldukça farklı rivayetler mevcuttur. Üstelik bu farklılık çok erken dönemlerden itibaren mevcuttur. Bu farklılıkların mümkünse sebeplerinin anlaşılabilmesi veya en azından hangi bilginin daha güvenilir ve tercihe şayan olduğunun belirlenebilmesi amacıyla İslami ilimlerin kendine has yöntemi olan “isnad” kullanılarak ve İslam tarihinin çok geniş sahası ilk dönemle sınırlanıp Megāzî müellifi olduğu iddia edilen ve bu sahada hemen her olayın farklı bir anlatımına rastladığımız Musa b. Ukbe’nin rivayetleri tezin merkezinde tutulmak suretiyle konu ile ilgili diğer rivayetlerin değerlendirilmesi önemli görülmektedir. Zira böylece erken dönem İslam tarihi çalışmalarında çok problemli bir alan olan Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberlik öncesi dönemi hem aydınlatılma hem de çeşitli spekülasyonlardan arındırılma imkanına sahip olacaktır. Ukbe, Megāzî, Siyer, İslam Tarihi, Hz. Muhammed, Peygamberlik Öncesi, Rivayet.There are widely different narratives about the pre-prophecy life of the Prophet Muhammad in the early Islamic sources. It seems important to review relative narratives about the subject and the thesis focuses on the narratives of Musa b. Uqba, the author of a maghazi, who uses the way of “isnad”, a specific method in Islamic scholarship to understand variations. This would help us identify reliable data in the early Islamic period. Thus, it’ll be possible to light and purify from speculations the pre-prophecy life of the Prophet Muhammad, which is very problematical area in the early Islamic history. Key Words: Musa b. Uqba, Maghazi, Siyar, History of İslam, Mohammed, Pre-prophecy, Narrative
ASPEK KECERDASAN SPRITUAL DARI KISAH NABI KHIDIR DAN MUSA SERTA NILAI EDUKASINYA (Studi Kritis Surat Al-Kahfi Ayat 60-82)
No full textABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas tentang keceradasn spiritual dari kisah pertemuan dua
Nabi. Penulis memilih pembahasan ini karena kecerdasan spiritual adalah
puncaknya kecerdasan (The Ultimate Intelligence), SQ lebih tinggi dibanding IQ
dan EQ. Lalu penulis memilih kisah dalam al-Qur‟an karena mengandung sejarah
umat terdahulu yang bisa diambil hikmah dan pelajarannya. Penulis memilih
kisah Nabi Khidir karena kecerdasan yang dimiliki oleh Nabi Khidir dan Nabi
Musa sangatlah berbeda, dikarenakan ilmu Nabi Musa adalah ilmu istidlal dan
ilmu taklif yang merujuk pada penalaran bayani, sedangkan ilmu Nabi Khidir
dilandaskan pada ilmu laduni yang bersifat ghaib. Lalu dalam kisah ini juga
bersedianya setingkat seorang Nabi yang masih mau berguru, yaitu Nabi Musa
yang bersedia berguru kepada Nabi Khidir, yang dimana sebelumnya Nabi Musa
ditegur Allah karena merasa paling berilmu. Dari kejadian ini tentunya akan
banyak didapati dari pertemuan kedua Nabi tersebut hikmah dan pelajaran, baik
secara tersirat (implisit) ataupun secara tersurat (eksplisit).
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library
research). Analisis data menggunakan metode kajian tematik (tafsir maudhu‟i),
penulis memilih metode tasir ini, karena kelebihan metode tafsir maudhu‟i ini
dapat menjawab tantangan zaman, lebih praktis, sistematis, dinamis dan mudah
untuk dipahami. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif yaitu, menguraikan pembahasan
dan hasil penelitian atau penulisan berbentuk deskripsi pembelajaran antara
Khidir dan Musa sehingga menjadi gambaran yang utuh. Dengan menggunakan
pendekatan tafsir yang berbentuk studi kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengkaji kitab�kitab tafsir para ulama terdahulu ataupun ulama tafsir kontemporer. Dan kitab�kitab hadits Shohih Bukhori Muslim dan Kutubus Sittah yang merupakan data
primer, Sedangkan data sekunder diambil dari buku-buku yang berhubungan
dengan kecerdasan spritual, kisah-kisah para Nabi, dari tesis yang berhungan
dengan kisah Nabi Khidir dan Nabi Musa, artikel-artikel dan jurnal. Hasil
penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui aspek-aspek kecerdasan spiritual yang
dimilki oleh Nabi khidir dan Nabi Musa, dan diantara aspek-aspek kecerdasan
spiritual ada 3 yaitu: (1) aspek ruh/jiwa, (2) aspek sosial, (3) aspek psikologis.
Serta ilmu laduni apa yang Allah berikan kepada Nabi Kihidir. Dan tujuan lainya
dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai edukasi apa yang didapat
dari pertemuan Nabi Khidir dan Nabi Musa, dan nilai-nilai edukasi tersebut
diantaranya: (1) nilai tawadhu‟, (2) nilai kesabaran, (3) nilai tawakal, (4) nilai
kedisiplinan, (5) nilai ahlak yang mulia, (6) nilai bersungguh-sungguh dalam
menuntut ilmu, (7) nilai etika murid kepada guru.
Kata Kunci: Kecerdasan Spiritual, Tafsir Maudhu‟i, Nabi Khidir dan Nabi Musa.
x
ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses the spiritual intelligence of the story of the meeting
of the two Prophets. The author chooses this discussion because spiritual
intelligence is the peak of intelligence (The Ultimate Intelligence), SQ is higher
than IQ and EQ. Then the author chooses the story in the Qur'an because it
contains the history of the previous people that can be taken from ibrah and
lessons. The author chose the story of Prophet Khidr because the intelligence
possessed by Prophet Khidr was extraordinary and different from human spiritual
intelligence in general. This is because the spiritual intelligence of the Prophet
Khidr isladuni science. Then in this story, he is also willing to be at the level of a
prophet who still wants to study, namely Prophet Musa who is willing to study
with Prophet Khidr. Of course, there will be a lot to be learned from the meeting
of the two prophets, either implicitly or explicitly.
The type of research used is (library research). Data analysis used the
thematic method, the author chooses this interpretation method, because the
advantages of this interpretation method can answer the challenges of the times, it
is more practical, systematic, dynamic and easy to understand. This research is
qualitative, namely, describes the discussion and research results or writing in the
form of a description of the learning between Khidr and Musa so that it becomes a
complete picture. By using an interpretive approach in the form of a literature
study, namely by examining the books of interpretation such as the previous
scholars or contemporary scholars. And the hadith books of Shohih Bukhari
Muslim and Kutubus Sittah which are primary data, while secondary data is taken
from books related to spiritual intelligence, stories of the Prophets, from theses
related to the story of Prophet Khidir and Prophet Musa, articles articles and
journals. The results of the study aim to determine the aspects of spiritual
intelligence possessed by the Prophet Khidir and the Prophet Musa, and among
the aspects of spiritual intelligence there are 3, namely: (1) aspects of the
spirit/soul, (2) social aspects, (3) psychological aspects. And the knowledge of
laduni what God gave to the Prophet Kihidir. And another purpose of this research
is to find out what educational values are obtained from the meeting of Prophet
Khidir and Prophet Musa, and the educational values include: (1) the value of
tawadhu, (2) the value of patience, (3) tawakkal value, (4) discipline value, (5)
good attitude value, (6) the value of sincerity in studying, (7) the ethical value of
students to teachers.
Keywords: Spiritual Intelligence, Tafsir Thematic, Prophet Khidir and Prophet
Musa
Twelver Shia Islam and Other Shia Branches: Historical and Geopolitical Overview
No full textHistorical Split Chart of Shia Islam
Islamic Succession after Prophet Muhammad (632 CE)
│
├── Sunni Islam: Majority who followed Abu Bakr as Caliph
│
└── Shia Islam: Minority who followed Ali ibn Abi Talib
│
├── Early Shia Imams (1st to 5th): Ali → Hasan → Husayn → Zayn al-Abidin → Muhammad al-Baqir
│
└── 6th Imam: Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765 CE)
│
├── Twelver Shia (Ithnāʿashariyyah)
│ └── Followed Musa al-Kazim as 7th Imam → continued to 12th Imam (al-Mahdi)
│
└── Ismaili Shia
│ └── Followed Isma'il ibn Ja'far (or his son Muhammad) as 7th Imam
│ ├── Nizari Ismailis → Led by Aga Khan IV today
│ └── Musta'li Ismailis → Includes Dawoodi Bohras (India)
│
└── Zaydi Shia
└── Followed Zayd ibn Ali (grandson of Husayn) → open Imamate, similar to Sunni politic
Twelver Shia Islam and Other Shia Branches: Historical and Geopolitical Overview
No full textHistorical Split Chart of Shia Islam
Islamic Succession after Prophet Muhammad (632 CE)
│
├── Sunni Islam: Majority who followed Abu Bakr as Caliph
│
└── Shia Islam: Minority who followed Ali ibn Abi Talib
│
├── Early Shia Imams (1st to 5th): Ali → Hasan → Husayn → Zayn al-Abidin → Muhammad al-Baqir
│
└── 6th Imam: Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765 CE)
│
├── Twelver Shia (Ithnāʿashariyyah)
│ └── Followed Musa al-Kazim as 7th Imam → continued to 12th Imam (al-Mahdi)
│
└── Ismaili Shia
│ └── Followed Isma'il ibn Ja'far (or his son Muhammad) as 7th Imam
│ ├── Nizari Ismailis → Led by Aga Khan IV today
│ └── Musta'li Ismailis → Includes Dawoodi Bohras (India)
│
└── Zaydi Shia
└── Followed Zayd ibn Ali (grandson of Husayn) → open Imamate, similar to Sunni politic
- …
