125 research outputs found
Phosphorus recovery alternatives for sludge from chemical phosphorus removal processes – Technology comparison and system limitations
No full textFunding Information: The work and studies of the first author, including but not limited to this study, have been supported by Maa- ja Vesitekniikan tuki ry (MVTT). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)Several approaches have recently been proposed in the literature for P recovery after metal precipitation, but a robust comparison of these approaches in a techno-economic framework is still lacking. Five phosphorus recovery methods using sewage sludge or sludge ash as feed material were compared based on their specific operational recovery cost by scaling the processes to unified size and operational conditions. The selected technologies were (1) wet leaching + struvite precipitation, (2) magnetic vivianite separation, (3) sludge melt gasification, (4) the thermochemical sodium sulfate process, and (5) white phosphorus recovery. The analyses were based on the literature values in addition to a plant-wide model used to estimate chemical consumption and phosphorus and metal-related sludge properties. The technologies were assessed by operational cost, end-product quality, recovery efficiency, and technology maturity. The choice of the recovery process is dependent on the precipitant used in the wastewater treatment processes. Technologies using sewage sludge ash, (4) and (5), had the highest recovery efficiency, technical maturity, and product quality, but they require mono-incineration. Technology (3) had better recovery efficiency than (1), but the end-product had much lower P content. Technology (2) had the lowest recovery efficiency among all the compared technologies, however, it produced an end-product with the second highest P content. The operational costs were calculated for energy and chemical costs for same scale and operational conditions. The specific recovery cost ranges from 6 to 38 €/kgPrecovered.Peer reviewe
Ergonomisen arvioinnin ja ohjauksen vaikutus tuki- ja liikuntaelinoireisiin näyttöpäätetyöntekijöillä
No full textTutkimukseni aihe valikoitui vuonna 2009 harjoitellessani Työterveyshuollossa Condia Oy:ssä. Opinnäyte koettiin tarpeelliseksi tukemaan työfysioterapeuttien työtä. Tietokoneen käyttö työpaikoilla on olennainen osa työtehtävien suorittamista ja huomattava osa työpäivästä vietetään näyttöpäätteellä. Huonon näyttöpäätetyöergonomian on todettu aiheuttavan erilaisia tuki- ja liikuntaelinten oireita ja kipuja, joista yleisimpiä ovat alaselän, niska-hartiaseudun sekä yläraajojen kivut. Näyttöpäätetyö on riski tuki- ja liikuntaelinoireiden esiintymiselle, joten oireita on pyrittävä ennalta-ehkäisemään. Tutkimuksen tavoitteeksi muodostui arvioida työterveyshuollossa käytettävän Näppärä-toimistoergonomian arviointimenetelmän pohjalta tehtävien näyttöpäätetyöpisteiden ergonomisten arviointien ja ohjauksen vaikuttavuutta tuki- ja liikuntaelinoireiden esiintyvyyteen. Näyttöpäätetyöntekijöiden ergonomiasta on viime vuosina julkaistu runsaasti tutkimuksia, jossa ergonomianeuvonnan vaikuttavimmat mahdollisuudet ovat suurimmillaan oireiden alkuvaiheessa. Tutkimuksen olennaisin käsite on vaikuttavuuden käsite, jonka sisältöä on viime vuosina pohdittu tutkimuksen piirissä. Vaikuttavuus on monimutkainen ja monitahoinen käsite. Erään määritelmän mukaan kuvattu sellaisiksi muutoksiksi, jotka saadaan aikaan asiakkaissa jonkin palvelun tai tuotetun tuotteen avulla. Fysioterapian alalla vaikuttavuuden käsitettä on määritetty lähinnä hoitomenetelmien tehokkuuden kautta. Fysioterapian alalla pyritään osoittamaan yhteys käytetyn hoitomenetelmän ja koetun sairauden tai oireen vähenemisen kanssa. Koska nykyaikaisten hoitomenetelmien edellytetään olevan systemaattiseen tutkimukseen ja näyttöön perustuvia, joudutaan vaikuttavuuden määritelmää tarkastelemaan ja määrittelemään. Tässä tutkimuksessa vaikuttavuudella tarkoitetaan muutoksen tutkimusta.
Aineisto kerättiin vuosina 2009-2011.Tutkimus on kvantitatiivinen eli määrällinen tutkimus ja se suoritettiin kahdessa vaiheessa. Tutkimusaineiston keruun ensimmäinen vaihe suoritettiin osana Condia Oy:n työntekijöiden ergonomista arviointia, jonka yhteydessä työntekijät vastasivat kirjalliseen tuki- ja liikuntaelinten oirekyselyyn. Toisen vaiheen aineisto kerättiin 9 kuukauden kuluttua. Toisessa vaiheessa kartoitettiin sähköisellä kyselylomakkeella vastaajien omia kokemuksia ergonomian arvioinnin ja tehtyjen muutostöiden vaikutuksista tuki- ja liikuntaelinoireisiin. Ergonomian arvioinnin yhteydessä muutoksia työpisteisiin tehtiin kaikissa. Ongelmallisimmiksi seikoiksi hyvän työasennon löytymisen suhteen koettiin nimenomaan ylävartalon ja niskan asennot, joissa kipuja koettiin kaikista useimmin.
Suurimmat muutoskohteet olivat työpöydän ja –tuolin korkeuksien muuttaminen. Vastaajista kaikki kokivat ergonomian olevan tärkeä osa tuki- ja liikuntaelinoireiden ennaltaehkäisyä ja hoitoa. Tuki- ja liikuntaelinten oireita koettiin edelleen muutostöiden jälkeen mutta suurin osa työntekijöistä ilmoitti havainnoivansa työskentelyolosuhteitaan arvioinnin jälkeen paremmin, löytäneensä paremman istuma-asennon ja osaavansa säätää toimistohuonekaluja itselleen paremmin sopiviksi.The subject of this study was selected in 2009 when the author was at a practical course in Condia Oy, a private corporation specializing in occupational health. The need for this Thesis came from the physiotherapists working in the field to support their work. The goal of the research was to study the effects to musculoskeletal symptoms after changes were made to the workstations of the Condia Oy workers with a Näppärä office ergonomics evaluation tool. Recently several studies about the VDU workers have been published. Working with computers has increased in modern work life and it is an essential part of office work today. A very big part of working day is spent at VDU station. Bad ergonomics has been proven to cause musculoskeletal symptoms, the most common being lower-back, neck-shoulder and upper extremity pains. VDU work is a risk for musculoskeletal health, so finding preventative measures is essential. The most important concept of this study is effectiveness. There have been several studies about the subject in recent years in the field of Ergonomics. The concept of effectiveness is very complex one. It has been described to be a set of changes caused by a particular product or service. In Physiotherapy the concept has been defined through results in a method or treatment. In Physiotherapy it is crucial to demonstrate a link between a method of treatment and reduction of symptoms or illness. The methods used in patient care are supposed to base on scientific knowledge and systematic studies. For this reason the definition of the term effectiveness is essential. In this study effectiveness is treated as the study of change.
The material was collected in 2009-2011. This study is a qualitative study and it was performed in two phases. In the first phase an ergonomics evaluation was made using the Näppärä tool at the workstations. At the first phase the workers also answered to a questionnaire about their musculoskeletal symptoms. At the second phase the workers answered to an internet-based questionnaire about their experiences and effects of the ergonomics changes made in their workstations. The second phase material was collected after 9 months of the first intervention. Changes were made in all workstations. The workers experienced that the most problematic things were positioning of neck-shoulder area and upper extremities during their working day. Modifications were made mainly in the heights of the chairs and desks.
Workers reported that ergonomics is an important tool in prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal symptoms. Musculoskeletal symptoms were still experienced after the changes in workstations. However most of the workers reported that after the evaluation they had found a better sitting position. Also they paid better attention to their sitting position and they knew how to make proper modifications to their office furniture and workstation in order to improve their sitting position
Gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneen psyykkinen tuki : Opas hoitajille
No full textTIIVISTELMÄ
Tekijä: Tauriainen Henna
Työn nimi: Gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneen psyykkinen tuki – opas hoitajille
Tutkintonimike: Sairaanhoitaja (AMK), Hoitotyön koulutusohjelma
Asiasanat: Psyykkinen tuki, gynekologiset syövät, naiseus, kriisi, ohjaus, vuorovaikutus
Gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuu yhä useampi nainen. Hoitajien tärkeänä tehtävänä on potilaan sekä hänen läheistensä psyykkinen tukeminen. Tuen antaminen on elämäntilanteessa selviytymisen tukemista, johon sairauden hoito tutkimuksineen, hoitoineen ja seurantoineen liittyy.
Kuopion yliopistollisen sairaalan naistenosasto toimi opinnäytetyöni toimeksiantajana. Tarkoituksena oli suunnitella Kuopion yliopistollisen sairaalan naistenosaston hoitajille opas gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneen psyykkisestä tuesta. Tavoitteena on tukea hoitajia psyykkisen tuen antamisessa gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneelle.
Opinnäytetyöni toteutin tuotteistamisprosessina. Teoriaosuudessa käsittelin gynekologisia syöpiä, psyykkisen tuen antamista, naiseutta, potilasohjaamista, vuorovaikutusta sekä ammatillisuutta hoitotyössä. Tutkimustehtäviä olivat: millaista psyykkistä tukea gynekologiseen syöpään sairastunut tarvitsee ja millainen opas tukee hoitohenkilökuntaa psyykkisen tuen antamisessa gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneelle?
Opinnäytetyöni tuotoksena syntyi opas hoitajille gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneen psyykkisen tuen antamisesta. Oppaan sisältö muodostui kirjallisuuden ja tutkimustiedon pohjalta. Opas oli kuukauden koekäytössä johon liittyen toteutin hoitajille suunnatun arviointikyselyn.
Gynekologiseen syöpään sairastuneiden välillä on yksilöllistä vaihtelua tuen tarpeen määrässä, muodossa ja ajankohdassa. Hoitajan valmiudella olla vuorovaikutuksessa psyykkistä tukea tarjoten, on potilaan voimaantumisessa ja selviytymisessä suuri merkitys. Opas toimii tässä tarkoituksessa muistuttajana ja ohjaajana hoitajan työssä. Hoitajan kokemus ja persoonalliset tekijät vaikuttivat kokemukseen oppaan hyödyllisyydestä psyykkisen tuen antamisessa.ABSTRACT
Author: Tauriainen Henna
Title of the Publication: Psychological Support for Gynaecological Cancer Patients – a guide for nurses
Degree Title: Bachelor of Health Care, Nursing
Keywords: psychological support, gynaecological cancers, womanhood, crisis, counselling, interaction
The number of women with gynecological cancers is increasing. Nurses have an important role in supporting patients and their close-ones psycholocigally. They support patients to cope in a life situation that includes treament, examinations and follow-ups.
The comissioner of this thesis was the Gynaecological Department at Kuopio University Hospital. The purpose of this thesis was to create a guide on psychological support for gynaecological cancer patients in the Gynaecological Department at Kuopio University Hospital. The objective was to support to nurses in giving psychological support to gynaecological cancer patients.
This thesis was conducted as a productisation process. The theoretical part contains information about gynaecological cancers, giving psychological support, womanhood, counselling, interaction and professionalism in nursing. The research tasks were the following: what kind of psychological support gynaecologicals cancer patients needed and what kind of guide could give nurses the best support and help them support gynaecological patients psychologically.
The results of this thesis is a guide for nurses on psychological support for gynaecological cancer patients. The contents of the guide is based on literature and research-based information. The guide was tested for one month and evaluated by nurses.
There is a great individual variation in how much and kind of support gynaecological cancer patients need and when they need the support. It is very important for patients´ empowerment and coping that nurses have the skills to interact and support them psychologically. The guide directs nurses in their work. Nurses´ experiences and personality traits had an impact on the perceived usefulness of the guide
Making Waves : Joining forces for better doctoral education in water research
No full textFunding Information: We thank the doctoral students in Majakka project for their fruitful insights and inspiring collaboration, and the Water and Development Research Group (Aalto University) for their innovative ideas and proactive mindset for co-creation. We also thank Marianne Lenoir for the illustrations. The work was supported by Maa- ja Vesitekniikan Tuki ry foundation. Funding Information: The work was supported by Maa- ja Vesitekniikan Tuki ry foundation. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)We argue that doctoral education in water needs an elevated focus towards educating game changers who can drive innovation and change towards more sustainable futures across academic and non-academic settings. Today's doctoral graduates in water are increasingly employed outside academia, and challenged to understand complex and interconnected systems, to integrate and synthesize information from different disciplines and to lead the way toward increasingly creative, resilient, robust, and socially sustainable solutions. Supervisors are challenged by interdisciplinary research topics and by growing diversity of objectives, too often at the cost of their wellbeing. The need to keep up with the rapid scientific and technological development and floods of big data is pressing. We synthesize key insights from higher education literature and doctoral programs in water research to identify priority actions targeted at four key actor groups: supervisors and supervisees, research group, university, and industry. The actions contribute to appropriate resourcing, enabling an environment for enhanced teamwork practices, and systematic structures for progress. Establishing supporting structures will leverage the much-needed communities of practice involved in co-creating and transforming supervision and education of doctoral students in interdisciplinary water research.Peer reviewe
”Tämä on ollut minulle henkisen kasvun prosessi.” : Kuntoutujan ammatillisen kasvun kehittyminen ohjaus ja tuki ammatillisessa uudelleenkoulutuksessa
No full textTIIVISTELMÄ
Oulun seudun ammattikorkeakoulu
Kuntoutusohjauksen ja -suunnittelun koulutusohjelma
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Tekijä: Sirpa Mällinen
Opinnäytetyön nimi: ”Tämä on ollut minulle henkisen kasvun prosessi.”
Kuntoutujan ammatillisen kasvun kehittyminen ohjaus ja tuki ammatillisessa uudelleenkoulutuksessa
Työn ohjaajat: Seija Kokko & Pirjo Ylikauma
Työn valmistumislukukausi ja -vuosi: Syksy 2012
Sivumäärä: 51 sivua + 6 liitettä ______________________________________________________________________
TIIVISTELMÄ
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvailla kuntoutujan kokemuksia ammatillisesta kasvusta ammatillisen uudelleenkoulutuksen aikana, sekä selvittää millaista ammatillista tukea ja ohjausta asiakas on saanut ammatillisen uudelleenkoulutuksensa aikana. Oppimistavoitteena on tuottaa tietoa, joka hyödyntää kuntoutujaa, kuntoutuksenohjaajaa, sekä oppilaitoksessa ohjaustyötä tekevää henkilökuntaa saamani tutkimus tiedon pohjalta. Ammatillinen uudelleenkoulutus on yksi mahdollisuus saada itselleen uusi ammatti, silloin kun entistä työtä ei ole enää mahdollista tehdä terveydellisistä syistä.
Opinnäytetyön viitekehys käsittelee ammatillista kuntoutusta, ammatillista uudelleenkoulutusta, kuntoutujan ammatillista kasvua, sekä ohjausta ja tukea. Tutkimukseni on laadullinen tutkimus ja tutkimushaastattelumuotona käytän teemahaastattelua. Lähetin sähköposti kyselyn oppilaitokseen, jonka kautta sain haastateltavien yhteystiedot. Tutkimus aineiston analyysi pohjautuu teorialähtöiseen sisällön analyysiin.
Tutkimustulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että ammatillinen uudelleenkoulutus, sekä ammattitaitoinen ohjaus ja tuki erityisesti opiskelujen alkuvaiheessa, vaikutti myönteisesti kuntoutujan ammatilliselle kasvulle. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että kuntoutujien kokemukset ammatillisesta kasvusta, sekä tuesta ja ohjauksesta osoittautuivat samankaltaisiksi kuin aikaisemmissakin tutkimustuloksissa oli osoitettu tapahtuvan. Jatkotutkimuksia ja jatkotutkimushaasteita ajatellen voisi miettiä suurempaa otosta, jossa olisi mukana molempia sukupuolia, sekä osallistujat olisivat myös eritasoisista oppilaitoksista.
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Asiasanat: Kuntoutujan ammatillinen kuntoutus, ammatillinen uudelleen koulutus, ammatillinen kasvu, ohjaus ja tukiABSTRACT
Oulu University of Applied Sciences
Degree Programme in Rehabilitation Counselling
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Author: Sirpa Mällinen
Title of Thesis: ”This Has Been a Process of Mental Growth.”
Development of vocational growth, counselling and support in vocational retraining
Supervisors: Seija Kokko & Pirjo Ylikauma
Term and year when the thesis was submitted: Autumn 2012
Number of pages: 51 pages + 6 appendices
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to describe customer experiences during vocational retraining and to study what kind of vocational support and counselling the customer received during vocational retraining. The learning goal of the study was to produce information that is useful to the trainee, vocational counsellors and the supervising staff working at the retraining school. Vocational rehabilitation is one of the routes to a new occupation in cases where health reasons prevent the trainee from working in a previous profession.
The frame of reference of the study is vocational rehabilitation, vocational retraining, vocational growth of the trainee, guidance and support. This is a qualitative study utilizing theme interviews as the selected type of study interviews. A survey was e-mailed to the retraining school that gave me the contact information of the interviewees. Evaluation of the study material is done using theory based content analysis.
From the results it can be seen that vocational retraining and vocational counselling and support especially at the beginning of the retraining period had a positive effect on the vocational growth of the trainee. It can be concluded that the trainees’ experiences on vocational growth, support and counselling were very similar to the results obtained from previous studies. With respect to the challenges posed by further studies, a larger sample size should be considered including both sexes, and the participants should also come from various retraining schools of various academic levels.
Key words: vocational rehabilitation, vocational retraining, professional growth, counselling and suppor
Enhanced bioenergy and nutrients recovery from wastewater using hybrid anodes in microbial nutrient recovery system
No full textFunding Information: The authors acknowledge the funding from Maa-ja vesitekniikan tuki ry (MVTT foundation). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: The combined microbial fuel cell–microbial nutrient recovery system has lately been thoroughly explored from an engineering standpoint. The relevance of microbial communities in this process, on the other hand, has been widely underestimated. Results: A lab-scale microbial nutrients recovery system was created in this work, and the microbial community structure was further defined, to give a thorough insight into the important microbial groups in the present system. We reported for the first-time different hybrid anodes of activated carbon and chitosan that were used in the microbial nutrient recovery system for bioenergy production, and, for the removal of COD and recovery of nutrients present in the wastewater. The hybrid anodic materials were studied to adapt electrochemically active bacteria for the recovery of nutrients and energy generation from wastewater without the need for an external source of electricity. The potential of the created hybrid anodes in terms of nutrients recovery, chemical oxygen demand elimination, and energy generation from municipal wastewater was thoroughly examined and compared with each other under similar operating conditions. When the COD loading was 718 mg/L, a total COD removal of ~ 79.2% was achieved with a hybrid activated carbon and chitosan anode having an equal ratio after 10 days of the operation cycle. The maximum power density estimated for hybrid anode (~ 870 mWm−2) was found. Conclusion: Overall, this work reveals a schematic self-driven way for the collection and enrichment of nutrients (~ 72.9% phosphorus recovery and ~ 73% ammonium recovery) from municipal wastewater, as well as consistent voltage production throughout the operation.Peer reviewe
Diagnostic performance of a colorimetric RT -LAMP for the identification of SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter prospective clinical evaluation in sub-Saharan Africa
No full textManagement and control of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is critically dependent on quick and reliable identification of the virus in clinical specimens. Detection of viral RNA by a colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) is a simple, reliable and cost-effective assay, deployable in resource-limited settings (RLS). Our objective was to evaluate the intrinsic and extrinsic performances of RT-LAMP in RLS
Membrane contactor onsite piloting for nutrient recovery from mesophilic digester reject water : The effect of process conditions and pre-treatment options
No full textFunding Information: This study is part of the NPHarvest project, which was supported by the Ministry of Environment of Finland , RAKI2 project VN/2250/2019 and Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki r.y. (MVTT). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)Nutrient recovery is an important segment of the circular economy, and it significantly contributes to sustainable development goals. This work reports on the outcomes of a field testing pilot-scale membrane contactor system designed for nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) recovery in the form of high purity ammonium salts and high-quality P containing sludge. The pilot testing was conducted at the Viikinmäki WWTP using digester reject water under different treatment conditions. Our system showed a high tolerance for solids (concentration > 500 mg/L). Field test trials showed that the higher the feed flow, the better the ammonia transfer rate. Decreasing the retention time from 4 h to 2 h increased the ammonia mass transfer rate constant by >150 %. Among the tested feed pH levels, a pH of 10 had the highest solids removal, which in turn resulted in the highest ammonia recovery percentage. A high acid concentration lowered the ammonia transfer rate. Strong acids such as HNO3 and H2SO4 had a higher ammonia recovery than that of H3PO4. Pre-treating feedwater with starch resulted in the same ammonia accumulation rate as a poly-aluminum chloride (PAX)/polymer pre-treatment. The highest PO4−3 removal of 99 % was achieved with a PAX/polymer treatment at pH 10, whereas the highest total phosphorous removal of 77 % was achieved with a starch treatment. The produced sludge consists mainly of CaCO3 emanating from the used lime, which can be used as a soil amendment. The produced ammonium salts were of high purity and have a nutrient content comparable to that of commercial fertilizers. This study provides important insights into the selection of process parameters of membrane contactor systems based on the goal of the treatment, whether it be nutrient removal or recovery.Peer reviewe
Flow resistance of floodplain vegetation mixtures for modelling river flows
No full textFunding Information: We gratefully acknowledge the help of laboratory technician Antti Louhio in the flume setup and trainee Marco Maio for the help in the data collection. The research was funded by Maa- ja vesitekniikan tuki ry (No 36537 and 33271), Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation (No 201800045) and Academy of Finland (No 330217). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)River flows are greatly influenced by floodplain vegetation with implications on hydrological and hydraulic conditions from cross-sectional to river reach scales. Flow models need to reliably reflect changes in the riverine environment, such as vegetation growth associated with altered flow regimes, increased sediment loads and eutrophication. Leaf area index (LAI) based approaches are increasingly used as tools to predict the flow resistance caused by natural vegetation. However, current LAI-based modelling involves uncertainty at low and high vegetation densities and flow velocities due to a lack of research and validation at the outer ranges. The aim of this paper is to investigate the flow resistance for a mixture of flexible floodplain vegetation consisting of woody plants and understory grasses of low to high densities (LAI = 1–5) over a wide range of mean flow velocities (0.05–1.2 m/s) at low relative submergences of 1–2. A novel flume setup was designed by using high-accuracy pressure sensors to measure flow resistance and force sensors to measure plant drag forces. Flow resistance decreased by 35–90% when the submergence H/hv increased from 1 to 2, which is a highly relevant range for floodplain flows. The results provided new evidence that LAI-based modelling of vegetative friction factors can be reliably extended from low to high LAI values for non-submerged vegetation. However, adjustments to existing LAI-based approaches are required for water stages higher than the vegetation height. Furthermore, the friction by the understory grasses cannot be neglected as often assumed in literature especially for cases of low plant densities and low relative submergences.Peer reviewe
Production and characterization of porous magnetic biochar : before and after phosphate adsorption insights
No full textFunding Information: Open Access funding provided by Aalto University. This research was funded by Aalto University Doctoral Programme for Engineering (D/23/00.01.02.00/2019), Maa ja vesitekniikan tuki ry (Grant 388823), and the Academy of Finland (343192). Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).The modification process of biochars enables different advantages including enhanced adsorption properties for different pollutants. Herein, porous magnetic biochars (PMB) were successfully produced from softwood biomass through a two-step pyrolysis process together with FeCl3 modification. The effect of production temperature on adsorption was studied at 200 or 300 °C, followed by iron salt modification and subsequent pyrolysis at 600 or 800 °C. Biochars were characterized before and after phosphate adsorption via various characterization methods to acquire structural, elemental, and morphological properties of the adsorbent. The effects of phosphate concentration, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption process were examined in the batch mode. The characterization showed embedded iron oxide crystals of 23 nm within the biochar structure with a magnetic strength of 38.9 emu/g, which can assist the separation process of the powdered adsorbent from the aqueous medium. The surface area of the PMB was measured as 93 m2/g and 0.002 cm3/g pore volume. PMB showed complete removal (100%) of phosphate at the lower concentration (5 mg/l P). At higher concentration (25 mg/l P), the biochar prepared under 200/800 °C showed the highest removal (30%). The adsorption was enhanced with time (optimal 3 h) and temperature, which shows endothermic chemisorption following Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetic models. The desorption study suggested the slow release of phosphate from the spent adsorbent and potential reuse for soil enhancement. These results point towards the sustainable use of PMB as an effective and magnetically recyclable adsorbent for phosphate removal and reclaim.Peer reviewe
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