63 research outputs found
La faible scolarisation en milieu rural cambodgien s’ explique -t- elle seulement par la pauvreté ?
No full textThe author first proposes a study of the history of Cambodian primary school education, and describes the dysfunctionality of the current schooling offer in rural Cambodia. Within this context, one identified dysfunction is analysed: pupil absenteeism. At the beginning of the 21st century, what are the reasons that children in rural areas, primarily from rice growing families, are so commonly absent from primary school – either temporarily or permanently ‘dropping out’? First, the author challenges the idea of familial economic concerns as the sole or even primary reason for primary school absenteeism in rural Cambodia. ‘Freed’ from economic constraints at the local level, the analysis shows that to a certain extent, children drop out of school because they have the power to choose not to attend. Indeed, parents seem to have limited influence on the fate of their children’s schooling. The author then proposes a link between this ‘empowerment’ of the child and the parents’ relationship to educational institutions, to understand the importance and priority placed by rice growing people on knowledge acquired through formal schooling
Évaluation d'une thérapeutique préventive chez un modèle de rétrécissement aortique calcifié
No full textIntroduction: Mediastinal radiotherapy is a major cause of cardiac complications including aortic stenosis (AS). However, there is a lack of a preclinical model of AS mimicking radiation-induced lesions. In addition, AS is the most frequent valvular disease. In inoperable patients without effective medical treatment, the prognosis is poor. This project consists in evaluating by Imaging and Histology, the effectiveness of a preventive therapy in a mouse model of AS. Materials and methods: Targeted irradiation of the aortic valve (10 or 20Gy) in C57/Bl6/J (WT) and ApoE - /- mice was carried out to develop an AS model. Once the model had been developed, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) was studied as a preventive therapy in ApoE -/- (0 or 10Gy) mice. The assessment tools were echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiac and valve remodeling was studied in Histology using von Kossa and Rouge Picro-Sirius stains. Results: Targeted irradiation in ApoE -/- mice demonstrated the development of AS. This AS was characterized by increased velocities, trans valvular gradients and increased mineralization in von Kossa. The PPi made it possible to completely cancel the observed effects of radiotherapy and to demonstrate the reproducibility of the model in untreated ApoE -/- mice. Conclusion: Targeted irradiation on the aortic valve allowed the development of an AS in ApoE -/- mice. Based on Imaging and Histology, PPi appears to be an effective treatment in this model.Introduction : la radiothérapie médiastinale est une cause majeure de complications cardiaques incluant le rétrécissement aortique (RA). Cependant il manque de modèle préclinique de RA mimant les lésions radio-induites. De plus le RA est la valvulopathie la plus fréquente. Chez les patients non opérables, sans traitement médical efficace, le pronostic est sombre. Ce projet consiste à évaluer par l’imagerie et l'histologie, l’efficacité d'une thérapeutique préventive chez un modèle murin de RA. Matériels et méthodes : une irradiation ciblée de la valve aortique (10 ou 20Gy) chez des souris C57/Bl6/J (WT) et ApoE-/- a été réalisé pour développer un modèle de RA. Une fois le modèle mis au point le pyrophosphate inorganique (PPi) a été étudié comme thérapeutique préventive chez des souris ApoE-/- (0 ou 10Gy). Les outils d'évaluation étaient l'échocardiographie et l'imagerie cardiaque par résonance magnétique. Le remodelage cardiaque et valvulaire a été étudié en histologie utilisant les colorations de von Kossa et Rouge Picro-Sirius. Résultats : l'irradiation ciblée chez la souris ApoE-/- a démontré le développement d'un RA. Ce RA était caractérisé par une augmentation des vélocités, des gradients trans-valvulaires et l'augmentation de la minéralisation en von Kossa. Le PPi a permis d’annuler complètement les effets observés de la radiothérapie et de démontrer la reproductibilité du modèle chez les souris ApoE-/- non traités. Conclusion : l'irradiation ciblée sur la valve aortique a permis le développement d'un RA chez la souris ApoE-/-. Basé sur l'imagerie et l'histologie, le PPi apparaît être un traitement efficace dans ce modèle
La faible scolarisation en milieu rural cambodgien s’ explique -t- elle seulement par la pauvreté ?
No full textThe author first proposes a study of the history of Cambodian primary school education, and describes the dysfunctionality of the current schooling offer in rural Cambodia. Within this context, one identified dysfunction is analysed: pupil absenteeism. At the beginning of the 21st century, what are the reasons that children in rural areas, primarily from rice growing families, are so commonly absent from primary school – either temporarily or permanently ‘dropping out’? First, the author challenges the idea of familial economic concerns as the sole or even primary reason for primary school absenteeism in rural Cambodia. ‘Freed’ from economic constraints at the local level, the analysis shows that to a certain extent, children drop out of school because they have the power to choose not to attend. Indeed, parents seem to have limited influence on the fate of their children’s schooling. The author then proposes a link between this ‘empowerment’ of the child and the parents’ relationship to educational institutions, to understand the importance and priority placed by rice growing people on knowledge acquired through formal schooling
Advances in Radiopharmaceutical Sciences for Vascular Inflammation Imaging: Focus on Clinical Applications
No full textBiomedical imaging technologies offer identification of several anatomic and molecular features of disease pathogenesis. Molecular imaging techniques to assess cellular processes in vivo have been useful in advancing our understanding of several vascular inflammatory diseases. For the non-invasive molecular imaging of vascular inflammation, nuclear medicine constitutes one of the best imaging modalities, thanks to its high sensitivity for the detection of probes in tissues. 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) is currently the most widely used radiopharmaceutical for molecular imaging of vascular inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and large-vessel vasculitis. The combination of [18F]FDG and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become a powerful tool to identify and monitor non-invasively inflammatory activities over time but suffers from several limitations including a lack of specificity and avid background in different localizations. The use of novel radiotracers may help to better understand the underlying pathophysiological processes and overcome some limitations of [18F]FDG PET for the imaging of vascular inflammation. This review examines how [18F]FDG PET has given us deeper insight into the role of inflammation in different vascular pathologies progression and discusses perspectives for alternative radiopharmaceuticals that could provide a more specific and simple identification of pathologies where vascular inflammation is implicated. Use of these novel PET tracers could lead to a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms and help inform the identification and stratification of patients for newly emerging immune-modulatory therapies. Future research is needed to realize the true clinical translational value of PET imaging in vascular inflammatory diseases
First person – Guillaume Hatte
No full textABSTRACT
First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Guillaume Hatte is the first author on ‘Tight junctions negatively regulate mechanical forces applied to adherens junctions in vertebrate epithelial tissue’, published in Journal of Cell Science. Guillaume completed his PhD in the lab of Claude Prigent at CNRS UMR 6290 and Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France, where he investigated the involvement of tight junctions during epithelial cell cytokinesis in a vertebrate model.</jats:p
First person – Guillaume Hatte
No full textInternational audienceFirst Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Journal of Cell Science, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Guillaume Hatte is the first author on 'Tight junctions negatively regulate mechanical forces applied to adherens junctions in vertebrate epithelial tissue', published in Journal of Cell Science. Guillaume completed his PhD in the lab of Claude Prigent at CNRS UMR 6290 and Universite' de Rennes 1, Rennes, France, where he investigated the involvement of tight junctions during epithelial cell cytokinesis in a vertebrate model
Un confesseur de mauvaise foi. Notes sur les exactions financières de l’empereur Léon III en Italie du Sud
No full textL’article s’attache à analyser le célèbre passage de la chronique de Théophane dédié à la politique fiscale de l’empereur Léon III en Italie du Sud, en se concentrant tout particulièrement sur la vexata quaestio de l’accroissement suppose de tout ou partie des taxes exigées de la population siculo-calabraise. Après un examen du cadre chronologique et des théories proposées jusqu’ici en révélant les limites ou l’incompatibilité avec ce que l’on sait par ailleurs du système byzantin du temps, l’article avance une hypothèse alternative mettant en avant les conséquences de la réforme monétaire orchestrée parallèlement par l’empereur. L’accroissement suppose des taxes ne serait que la reformulation des anciennes exigences dans le nouvel étalon monétaire de moindre valeur, d’où une hausse nominale des taxes.This paper discusses the (in)famous passage of Theophanes' Chronographia dedicated to the fiscal policy of Emperor Leo III in Southern Italy, focusing on the vexata quaestio of the global or partial increase of the taxes demanded from Sicily and Calabria. Having examined both the chronology of the measures and previous theories that have been put forward to explain this passage, highlighting their limitations and/ or incompatibility with what we know of the Byzantine tax system, the author proposes a new hypothesis, stressing the administrative consequences of Leo III's simultaneous monetary reform. The alleged increase of the tax burden was nothing more than the result of paperwork, as the same taxes were simply labelled in a new currency of lesser value, hence leading to a nominal increase in the dues
Un confesseur de mauvaise foi. Notes sur les exactions financières de l’empereur Léon III en Italie du Sud
No full textL’article s’attache à analyser le célèbre passage de la chronique de Théophane dédié à la politique fiscale de l’empereur Léon III en Italie du Sud, en se concentrant tout particulièrement sur la vexata quaestio de l’accroissement suppose de tout ou partie des taxes exigées de la population siculo-calabraise. Après un examen du cadre chronologique et des théories proposées jusqu’ici en révélant les limites ou l’incompatibilité avec ce que l’on sait par ailleurs du système byzantin du temps, l’article avance une hypothèse alternative mettant en avant les conséquences de la réforme monétaire orchestrée parallèlement par l’empereur. L’accroissement suppose des taxes ne serait que la reformulation des anciennes exigences dans le nouvel étalon monétaire de moindre valeur, d’où une hausse nominale des taxes.This paper discusses the (in)famous passage of Theophanes' Chronographia dedicated to the fiscal policy of Emperor Leo III in Southern Italy, focusing on the vexata quaestio of the global or partial increase of the taxes demanded from Sicily and Calabria. Having examined both the chronology of the measures and previous theories that have been put forward to explain this passage, highlighting their limitations and/ or incompatibility with what we know of the Byzantine tax system, the author proposes a new hypothesis, stressing the administrative consequences of Leo III's simultaneous monetary reform. The alleged increase of the tax burden was nothing more than the result of paperwork, as the same taxes were simply labelled in a new currency of lesser value, hence leading to a nominal increase in the dues
La vie des habitants de Cheung Kok sous le régime khmer rouge
No full textBased on long-term fieldwork, this paper describes the living conditions of people of Cheung Kok village in Kompong Cham province in Cambodia between 1973 and 1978. This study goes beyond the village only to mention the names of specific leaders of the commune and the district, and presents itself as an ethnographic contri bution to the study of the Khmer rouge regime. Specifically, the author considers a population of farmers who did not leave their homeland during and after the era of Democratic Kampuchea. The focus is a village which didn’t host any ‘ new people’, urban people who could not flee the country and were forced to live in rural areas by the Khmer rouge, and who, in contrast to the ‘ old people’ experienced an explicit ideological discrimination by the regime.Cet article se fonde sur une série d’enquêtes ethnographiques menées sur le long terme et pose un témoignage «idéal-typique » de ce qu’a pu être la vie des habitants du village de Cheung Kok (province de Kompong Cham au Cambodge) dans les années 1973-1978. Cette étude ne dépasse l’échelle du village que pour mentionner les noms de certains dirigeants de la commune et du district et se présente comme une contribution ethnographique au champ des recherches menées sur le régime khmer rouge. Plus précisément, elle a pour objet la population paysanne qui n’a pas quitté sa région natale pendant et après le Kampuchéa démocratique et un village qui n’a pas accueilli de membres du «peuple nouveau » — ces citadins lettrés qui n’ont pas pu fuir le Cambodge, qui ont été déportés en milieu rural et qui, à la différence des membres du «peuple ancien » , ont fait l’objet d’une aversion idéologique explicite.Prigent Steven. La vie des habitants de Cheung Kok sous le régime khmer rouge. In: Aséanie 33, 2014. pp. 43-59
Roman policier ou roman politique: Le Polar selon Sciascia
No full textLeonardo Sciascia’s oeuvre is related to both politics and the detective genre. The reader is thus invited to consider the possibility of a link between these two essential components and to study his novels from that point of view, as political detective novels of the 1970s. What is denounced by most of the author’s writings is actually the mob-like organisation of Italian society, corrupted by the secret bonds between mafia, the elite, and politicians (especially those who belong the D. C.) But beyond that, Sciascia’s fight for justice and truth comes to be the result of a political, and almost metaphysical, process, which questions what appears as a difference between a supposed absolute justice, divine or not, that alone could reach the truth and another justice, excessively human, which could not reach the truth, and then would tolerate lies. That is the reason why parody becomes the very language and favourite trope of the author, whether polar parody or parody of reality: the point is to turn reality inside out and to reveal its backward truth, to make literature another means to achieve justice or, in other words, moral and political truth.L’oeuvre de Leonardo Sciascia est entièrement placée sous le double signe de la politique et du genre policier. Cela invite inéluctablement à se poser la question d’un lien entre ces deux éléments essentiels et à envisager ses romans sous l’angle du polar politique, au coeur des années 1970. Or, ce qui est dénoncé par la plupart des ouvrages de l’auteur, c’est bien l’organisation mafieuse d’une société italienne corrompue par les liens souterrains entre la mafia, ses notables et une classe politique dominée par la Démocratie Chrétienne. Mais au-delà de cette charge, le combat de Sciascia pour la justice et la vérité se révèle comme le résultat d’une démarche politique presque métaphysique, qui remet en question la distinction entre une justice absolue, divine ou non, qui seule aurait accès à la vérité, et une autre, trop humaine, qui, n’y ayant pas accès, s’accommoderait du mensonge. Et c’est pourquoi la parodie devient, appliquée au polar, ou mieux encore à la réalité, le langage même de l’écrivain : il s’agit de retourner la réalité comme un gant et d’en révéler la vérité à rebours, de mettre la littérature en concurrence avec l’institution de la justice, comme instrument de vérité, morale et politique.L’opera di Leonardo Sciascia si situa interamente sotto il doppio segno della politica e del romanzo poliziesco. Ciò porta necessariamente a porsi certe domande sui loro rapporti e a pensare ai romanzi in termini di giallo politico, sullo sfondo degli anni 70. La maggior parte delle opere dell’autore denunciano la corruzione di uno stato corrotto e dominato da legami nascosti tra Mafia, notabili e un mondo politico dominato dalla Democrazia Cristiana. Al di là di quest’accusa, la lotta di Sciascia per la giustizia e la verità assume delle caratteristiche quasi metafisiche che rimettono in questione la separazione tra una giustizia assoluta – che essa sia o meno di natura divina – sola detentrice della verità, e un altra giustizia più umana, troppo umana, che non avendovi accesso si accontenta della menzogna. È perciò che la lingua dello scrittore diventa marcata dal segno della parodia, nei rapporti col genere poliziesco o, meglio ancora, semplicemente con la realtà. Bisogna in effetti rivoltare la realtà come fosse un guanto e svelarne i sottofondi, mettendo la letteratura in concorrenza con l’istituzione della giustizia come strumento di verità morale e politica.La obra de Leonardo Sciascia está relacionada con la política y el género policial. Al lector se le invite a considerar la posible relación entre estos dos componentes esenciales y a estudiar sus novelas desde este punto de vista, como novelas políticas policíacas de los años setenta. Lo que denuncian los textos del autor es la organización casi mafiosa de la sociedad italiana, corrompida por las alianzas secretas entre la mafia, la élite y los políticos (sobre todo los que pertenecen al Partido Demócrata Cristiano). Es más, la lucha por la justicia y la verdad de Sciascia viene a ser el resultado de un proceso político, y casi metafísico, que cuestiona lo que aparenta ser la diferencia entre una supuesta justicia absoluta, sea divina o no, que sola podría llevar a la verdad, y otra justicia, excesivamente humana, que al no tener acceso a la verdad, se conformaría con la mentira. Y, es por eso que la parodia, aplicada a la novela policiaca o a la realidad, se vuelve el lenguaje mismo del escritor: es preciso dar la vuelta al guante para revelar su verdad a contracorriente, de medir la literatura contra la institución de la justicia, como instrumento de la verdad, moral y política
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