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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Mixed modeling and multi-rsolution remote sensing of soil evaporation
No full textL'évapotranspiration (ET) et ses deux composantes, l'évaporation du sol et la transpiration des plantes, jouent un rôle crucial dans le cycle hydrologique, en particulier dans les régions semi-arides. Le suivi de l'évaporation du sol à des échelles multiples est particulièrement intéressant pour une multitude d'applications agronomiques, hydrologiques, météorologiques et climatiques, pour lesquelles la télédétection a un grand potentiel via deux observables clés liées à l'évaporation: la température de surface (Land Surface Temperature - LST) et l'humidité du sol en surface (Soil Moisture - SM). Cette thèse avait pour but d'améliorer la représentation spatio-temporelle de l'évaporation du sol, par une modélisation multi-échelle capable d'utiliser la synergie des données de télédétection disponibles. Une nouvelle méthodologie a été développée afin d'estimer l'efficacité évaporative du sol ou SEE (Soil Evaporative Efficiency, définie comme le rapport entre l'évaporation du sol réelle et celle potentielle), avec une résolution comprise entre 100 m et 40 km. Elle combine l'humidité du sol dérivée à 40 km de résolution des données micro-ondes, la température de surface, le couvert végétal et l'albédo de surface issues des capteurs optiques avec une résolution spatiale variant de 100 m and 1 km, et des données météorologiques. Cette approche a été testée sur des zones irriguées semi-arides au Maroc, au Mexique et en Espagne. Dans une première étape, un modèle du bilan d'énergie du sol (EBsoil) a été proposé pour estimer les limites humide/sèche d'un modèle de l'ET basé sur la LST. Les sorties du modèle EBsoil ont été validées avec des mesures in situ de la température du sol réalisées au Maroc. Les estimations de l'ET obtenues soit uniquement à partir des données de télédétection, soit en utilisant EBsoil, ont ensuite été comparées avec une ET de référence sur le site mexicain pour des résolutions de 100 m et 1 km. Les résultats ont montré que l'intégration de EBsoil améliore les estimations de l'ET à la résolution de 1 km. L'étape suivante s'est concentrée sur la dynamique temporelle de la SEE, en utilisant la technique de la modélisation globale. Cette approche a été utilisée jusqu'à présent pour un petit nombre de contextes environnementaux, avec encore moins de modèles obtenus qui sont en mesure de reproduire la dynamique d'origine. Pour la première fois, un modèle chaotique de dimension quatre a été obtenu pour le cycle journalier de la SEE, capable de reproduire la dynamique de la variable avec une bonne approximation dans l'espace des phases. Dans une dernière étape, les deux approches de télédétection utilisées pour calculer la SEE - en fonction de la LST ou de la SM - ont été combinées dans un algorithme de désagrégation (DISPATCH) des données SM SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity). EBsoil a été intégré dans DISPATCH et un nouvel algorithme a été développé: DISPATCH-E. Une évaluation indirecte de l'approche de modélisation de la SEE a été implémentée sur le site espagnol en comparant la SM DISPATCH-E aux mesures in situ. L'intégration de EBsoil améliore significativement la SM désagrégée à 1 km de résolution. De plus, elle fournit des points de référence pour l'étalonnage des modèles multi-résolution de la SEE, ainsi qu'une évaluation indépendante de l'incertitude des données de télédétection.Evapotranspiration (ET) and its two main components, soil evaporation and plant transpiration, play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle, especially over semi-arid regions. Monitoring soil evaporation at multiple scales is especially relevant to a multitude of agronomic, hydrologic, meteorological and climatic applications, where remote sensing-based approaches have great potential via two evaporation-related observable variables: the land surface temperature (LST) and the surface soil moisture (SM). The aim of this PhD was to try and improve the spatio-temporal representation of soil evaporation by developing a multi-scale modeling approach that makes use of the synergy between readily available remote sensing data. A new methodology was developed to estimate the soil evaporative efficiency or SEE (ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation) at 100 m to 40 km resolution by combining 40 km resolution microwave-derived SM, 100 m to 1 km resolution thermal-derived LST, 100 m to 1 km resolution reflectance-derived vegetation cover/surface albedo and available meteorological data. The approach was tested over three different semi-arid irrigated areas in Morocco, Mexico and Spain. In a first step, a soil energy balance model (EBsoil) was proposed to improve the determination of the dry/wet boundaries of a LST-based ET model. EBsoil outputs were validated against in situ measurements of dry/wet soil temperatures over the Moroccan site. ET estimates were subsequently derived either from remote sensing data solely or by using EBsoil and intercompared at 100 m and 1 km resolutions with a reference ET over the Mexican site. Results showed that integrating EBsoil improves ET estimates at a medium (1 km) resolution. The next step consisted in looking into the temporal dynamics of SEE, using the global modeling technique, approach used for a very small number of environmental contexts, with even fewer models obtained that are able to reproduce the original dynamics. For the first time ever, a four dimensional chaotic model was obtained for the daily cycle of SEE, able to reproduce the dynamics of the variable with a good approximation in the phase domain. In a final step, the two remote sensing approaches used in deriving SEE - as a function of LST or SM - were combined within a disaggregation algorithm (DISPATCH) of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) SM data. EBsoil was integrated in DISPATCH and a new algorithm was developed: DISPATCH-E. An indirect validation of the SEE modeling approach was performed by assessing DISPATCH-E's results in terms of 1 km resolution SM estimates over the Spanish site. Implementing EBsoil significantly improves the downscaled SM. Furthermore it provides reference points for calibrating multi-resolution SEE models, as well as being an independent way of assessing uncertainty in remotely sensed data
Fouier correlation imaging concept for passive earth observation : a proposal to the SMOS-Next mission
No full textLa synthèse d'ouverture est une technique interférométrique similaire à la synthèse par rotation de la terre utilisée en radioastronomie où les signaux reçus par une paire de petites antennes sont traités de telle manière à synthétiser une seule grande antenne. Le concept de synthèse d'ouverture a été réadapté pour l'observation de la terre dans le cas de la télédétection de sources étendues de température. L'utilisation de cette technique pour l'observation de la terre a permis de contourner les limitations sur la taille d'antenne en télédétection passive. La fonction de corrélation, ou de visibilité, obtenue en inter-corrélant les signaux reçus par les an- tennes d'un système interférométrique employant une synthèse d'ouverture est définie comme étant la transformée de Fourier de la carte des températures de bril lance de la scène observée. Cette relation est connue sous le nom du théorème de Van Cittert-Zernike pour des observateurs en repos par rapport aux sources de température. La forme classique de ce théorème a été dérivée en inter-corrélant les échantillons temporels instantanés du champ électrique mesurés par différentes antennes. Un nouveau concept basé une interférométrie spatio-temporelle passive a été proposé comme étant la nouvelle génération qui succédera à la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) opérant dans l'espace depuis Novembre 2009. Celui-ci a pour objectif principal l'amélioration de la résolution spatiale à des ordres pouvant répondre aux applications hydrologiques à l'échelle locale où des résolutions kilométriques sont exigées. Ce concept interférométrique se base sur l'idée d'intégrer le déplacement de l'observateur (l'antenne) et ainsi la variable temps dans le calcul de la fonction de corrélation. Ceci engendre la création de nouvelles lignes de base virtuelles entre les positions des antennes à des instants différents, en plus des lignes de base physiques formées entres les positions des antennes instantanées. L'étude de ce concept de corrélation a malheureusement démontré la suppression exacte de l'information additionnelle due aux lignes de base virtuelles par le décalage Doppler induit par le déplacement. Une seconde étude du concept d'interférométrie spatio-temporelle combinée à une nouvelle procé- dure d'imagerie par corrélation dans l'espace fréquentiel, accomplie en inter-corrélant les spectres fréquentiels des champs électriques mesurés par une paire d'antennes séparées d'une distance Δr à bord d'un satellite à une hauteur h, a démontré l'obtention d'une information en 2D en températures de brillance de la scène observée. En plus, le développement théorique de la fonction de corrélation a mis en évidence une relation liant les visibilités aux températures de brillance par l'intermédiaire d'un noyau hautement oscillatoire. L'élément nouveau apporté par la corrélation dans l'espace fréquentiel consiste à exploiter l'informati- on de corrélation acquise par les antennes du satellite pour des fréquences présentant de petites dif- férences et pas seulement l'auto-corrélation. Cette propriété permet une reconstruction en 2D des températures de brillance avec seulement deux antennesAperture synthesis is an interferometric technique similar to Earth rotation synthesis employed in radio astronomy in which the signals received by a pair of small antennas are processed in a way to synthesize a single large antenna. The aperture synthetic concept used in radioastronomy was readapted to Earth remote sensing for large thermal sources. Thanks to this technique, limitations on antenna size in passive microwave remote sensing have been overcome. The correlation, or visibility, function obtained by cross-correlating the signals received by the antennas of an interferometric system using aperture synthesis is linked to the brightness temperature map of the observed scene by means of a Fourier-transform law. This is know as the standard form of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem for fixed observers with respect to sources of temperature. This stan- dard formulation is derived by cross-correlating the instantaneous temporal components of the measured electric fields by different antennas. A new concept based on a passive spatio-temporal interferometry was proposed as the new generation to follow the well-known SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission successfully operating since November 2, 2009. The aim of the proposed concept is a jump in the current achieved geometric resolution to orders capable of meeting the stringent users' needs for the study of hydrological applications in the local scale where sub-kilometric resolutions are required. This interferometric concept is based on the idea of integrating the displacement of the observer (satellite's antenna), and hence the time variable, in the calculation of the correlation function, which yields the creation of virtual baselines between the positions of antennas at different instants, in addition to the physical ones formed between the instantaneous antennas' spatial positions. Sadly, the additional information due to the virtual baseline was shown to be exactly canceled by the induced Doppler shift due to the observer's motion. We show furthermore that when using the aforementioned spatio-temporal interferometric system combined with a revolutionary Fourier Correlation Imaging (FouCoIm) procedure, consisting in cross-correlating, at slightly different frequencies, the Fourier components of the fluctuations of the re- ceived electric fields by a pair of antennas separated by a distance Δr on board of a satellite flying at height h, the 2D position-dependent brightness temperature can be reconstructed. Besides, the analytical derivation of the correlation function gives rise to a relationship linking the measured cor- relations to the position-dependent brightness temperatures by means of a Highly Oscillatory Integral (HOI) kernel. Interestingly, the analytical study of the HOI kernel showed the remarkable property that a corre- lation between both antenna-signals remains within a small frequency interval (different frequencies) outside the simple auto-correlation (same frequency). As a matter of fact, while existing systems had, until now, only considered the simple 1D information contained in the auto-correlation, it appears that the resulting correlation function from this concept bears a 2D information for the measurement of the position-dependent brightness temperature. Based on this, one is capable of reconstructing 2D bright- ness temperatures starting from a simple 1D geometry (two antennas arranged perpendicularly to the flight direction
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Emerging and potential future applications of satellite-based soil moisture products
No full textThis chapter describes the emerging applications for satellite-based soil moisture (SM) data and proposes possible future uses, backed up by some preliminary research which has helped to identify this need. Applications across the ecological and hydrological sciences, in a wide range of discipline areas, are considered. The more established application areas of numerical weather prediction and climate modelling are not considered in this chapter. The chapter starts with applications of global relevance, and then goes on to focussing on the potential applications in Africa, where the needs for accurate information on water resources are particularly urgent in order to address issues of food and water security. Finally, the current limitations and future developments influencing the application of satellite SM data are discussed
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