1,721,097 research outputs found
A role for ABCB1 in prognosis, invasion and drug resistance in ependymoma
Full text link© 2019, The Author(s). Three of the hallmarks of poor prognosis in paediatric ependymoma are drug resistance, local invasion and recurrence. We hypothesised that these hallmarks were due to the presence of a sub-population of cancer stem cells expressing the multi-drug efflux transporter ABCB1. ABCB1 gene expression was observed in 4 out of 5 paediatric ependymoma cell lines and increased in stem cell enriched neurospheres. Functional inhibition of ABCB1 using vardenafil or verapamil significantly (p ≤ 0.05–0.001) potentiated the response to three chemotherapeutic drugs (vincristine, etoposide and methotrexate). Both inhibitors were also able to significantly reduce migration (p ≤ 0.001) and invasion (p ≤ 0.001). We demonstrate that ABCB1 positive patients from an infant chemotherapy-led trial (CNS9204) had a shorter mean event free survival (EFS) (2.7 versus 8.6 years; p = 0.007 log-rank analysis) and overall survival (OS) (5.4 versus 12 years; p = 0.009 log-rank analysis). ABCB1 positivity also correlated with reduced event free survival in patients with incompletely resected tumours who received chemotherapy across CNS9204 and CNS9904 (a radiotherapy-led SIOP 1999-04 trial cohort; p = 0.03). ABCB1 is a predictive marker of chemotherapy response in ependymoma patients and vardenafil, currently used to treat paediatric pulmonary hypertension in children, could be repurposed to reduce chemoresistance, migration and invasion in paediatric ependymoma patients at non-toxic concentrations
The Death of the AI Author
Full text linkMuch of the recent literature on AI and authorship asks whether an increasing sophistication and independence of generative code should cause us to rethink embedded assumptions about the meaning of authorship. It is often suggested that recognizing the authored — and so copyrightable — nature of AI-generated works may require a less profound doctrinal leap than has historically been assumed. In this essay, we argue that the threshold for authorship does not depend on the evolution or state of the art in AI or robotics. Rather, the very notion of AI-authorship rests on a category mistake: it is an error about the ontology of authorship.
Building on the established critique of the romantic author, we contend that the death of the romantic author also and equally entails the death of the AI author. Claims of AI authorship depend on a romanticized conception of both authorship and AI, and simply do not make sense in terms of the realities of the world in which the problem exists. Those realities should push us past bare doctrinal or utilitarian considerations about what an author must do. Instead, they demand an ontological consideration of what an author must be. Drawing on insights from literary and political theory, we offer an account of authorship that is fundamentally relational: authorship is a dialogic and communicative act that is inherently social, with the cultivation of selfhood and social relations being the entire point of the practice. This discussion reorientates debates about copyright’s subsistence in AI-generated works; but it also transcends copyright law, going to the normative core of how law should — and should not — think about robots and AI, and their role in human relations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Nexus of Copyright and Intellectual Privacy
No full textFor nearly three centuries following the enactment of the world’s first modern copyright statute, neither copyright law nor copyright holders interfered with individuals’ intellectual privacy—individuals’ freedom to access and enjoy creative works anonymously or in private. Neither Rights of Man, nor The Clockmaker were delivered to readers on condition that they provide detailed personal information to the author, publisher or bookseller; nor were readers monitored in their enjoyment of the works. Contrasted against this historical backdrop, late in the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first century—concurrent with the rise and spread of digital networks and the increasing digitization of copyright works—the centuries-old relationship between copyright holders and individuals became strained. In particular, the relationship between copyright law, copyright holders and individuals’ intellectual privacy came into tension. This dissertation proffers a description of intellectual privacy and, without making empirical claims, asks whether diminishing it in the name of copyright holders’ interests will lead to the impoverishment of the very copyright kingdoms that we purport to be protecting in so doing. In response to this question, this dissertation tests the hypothesis that individuals’ intellectual privacy is an essential component of copyright as a consistent and unified whole (even if it may mean that some individual copyright holders are not improved) and that copyright law can and should explicitly internalize protection of intellectual privacy. Ultimately, this dissertation formulates principles and five basic recommendations for rules to account for intellectual privacy within the legal concept of copyright. This dissertation concludes with a look ahead to further work to be done in the area
The Nexus of Copyright and Intellectual Privacy
No full textFor nearly three centuries following the enactment of the world’s first modern copyright statute, neither copyright law nor copyright holders interfered with individuals’ intellectual privacy—individuals’ freedom to access and enjoy creative works anonymously or in private. Neither Rights of Man, nor The Clockmaker were delivered to readers on condition that they provide detailed personal information to the author, publisher or bookseller; nor were readers monitored in their enjoyment of the works. Contrasted against this historical backdrop, late in the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first century—concurrent with the rise and spread of digital networks and the increasing digitization of copyright works—the centuries-old relationship between copyright holders and individuals became strained. In particular, the relationship between copyright law, copyright holders and individuals’ intellectual privacy came into tension. This dissertation proffers a description of intellectual privacy and, without making empirical claims, asks whether diminishing it in the name of copyright holders’ interests will lead to the impoverishment of the very copyright kingdoms that we purport to be protecting in so doing. In response to this question, this dissertation tests the hypothesis that individuals’ intellectual privacy is an essential component of copyright as a consistent and unified whole (even if it may mean that some individual copyright holders are not improved) and that copyright law can and should explicitly internalize protection of intellectual privacy. Ultimately, this dissertation formulates principles and five basic recommendations for rules to account for intellectual privacy within the legal concept of copyright. This dissertation concludes with a look ahead to further work to be done in the area
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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