1,721,071 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Using Pre-Recorded Investigative Interviews to Improve the Quality of Complainant Evidence in Rape Cases
No full textThere is a sound empirical basis to suggest that the pre-recorded interview of an adult rape complainant made during the investigation should provide the court with more accurate, detailed and complete testimony than live evidence later given at trial. The timeliness of the interview, and the different questioning and interviewing strategies used by police when compared to prosecutors, are all likely to improve the quality of the complainant’s recall (e.g. Memon et al., 2010; Powell et al., 2005; Read & Connelly, 2007). Despite these potential improvements, pre-recorded evidence is seldom used with adults (Kingi & Jordan, 2009; Stern, 2010). In part this may be due to the limited systematic research that examines whether the potential benefits are seen in practice. The purpose of the present thesis was therefore to explore how using pre-recorded evidence may improve the quality of information complainants provide and thereby outcomes in rape cases. In the first two of three studies a mixed-methods approach was used to explore the perceptions of police (N=136) and then prosecutors (N=30) regarding the use of video interviews for investigations and evidence. A questionnaire firstly used a between subjects design to determine whether question type and interview format in a mock rape complainant transcript influences judgments about accuracy and decisions to charge. Next, perceptions about the advantages and disadvantages of using the video recorded interview were explored. Finally, a list of characteristics was rated according to what denoted an effective investigative interview. This was compared with how they rated the same characteristics for what provides the best evidence. The findings suggest that for both police and prosecutors accuracy, detail and completeness are three of the most desirable traits for investigations and for evidence.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Applied PsychologyFull Tex
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Role of Evidence in Suspect Interviewing: A Mixed Methods Approach
No full textValuable information is often obtained from criminal suspects, and most will talk to the police even after being informed of their right to silence. Many confess, and confessions are one of the most powerful forms of evidence in the legal system. Hence, suspect interviewing can be an effective crime fighting tool. On the other hand, it is now widely agreed that some confessions are false. Many people do not find it credible that someone might confess to something they did not do, so even when confessions seem to be of questionable validity, defendants are sometimes convicted because of them. This means that what happens in a suspect interview can lead to a miscarriage of justice.
One of the difficulties involved with conducting research on suspect interviewing is that when the police do allow access to actual suspect interviews, or to records of them, it may not be possible to obtain a representative sample. Another problem can be that researchers do not usually have much information about the background of either the suspect or the crime they are suspected of committing, which means that the interview records must be studied in isolation from these factors. Moreover, there seems to be a complicated interaction between many variables in a suspect interview, which makes it difficult to know how any of them shape the outcome. Isolating and controlling these variables cannot usually be done in a real suspect interview, and even if it could be, the generally high stakes associated with such situations mean that it might not be legal or ethical to do so. One way to avoid these problems is to conduct experiments where variables such as the strength of evidence, and the time at which it is disclosed, can be tightly controlled and manipulated, but this approach raises questions about poor generalisability of results due to differences between real world interviews and simulated ones. An alternative methodology is to question participants about their views on suspect interviewing, although this does not permit the manipulation of variables or the testing of hypotheses to be made.
Although case evidence has probably always been one of the most powerful factors in a suspect interview, its role in this context has not been closely studied until recent years. Some questions, such as the best time to disclose evidence to a suspect, remain virtually unexplored. Therefore, in this thesis, the role of evidence in suspect interviewing was investigated and analysed from several perspectives.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Applied PsychologyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Invisible Women: Understanding Female Involvement in Contemporary Political and Revolutionary Conflict
No full textThe dominant narrative of female involvement in political and revolutionary conflict is that of victimhood. This script has framed both the research and policy paradigms of female involvement in conflict. Hence, women’s participation has typically been perceived as minor or unimportant with highly visible instances (e.g. suicide bombers or belligerents) viewed as isolated and abnormal deviations. Furthermore, female involvement is typically attributed to personal and emotional factors – political/ideological commitment or factors beyond the individual are seldom considered. In this way, female agency, responsibility, and credibility as a belligerent or terrorist are consistently undermined. In practice this has meant that women are often prevented from engaging in post-conflict processes, particularly disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programs. In the research context, the predominant focus has been on the personal reasons for women’s violent operations, rather than on developing and refining theory. As such, no overarching theory of female involvement in political and revolutionary conflict existed. Methodologically, speculative and anecdotal approaches dominate in the absence of empirical research examining population level trends. Therefore, the purpose of this doctoral research was to empirically develop a theoretical framework of female involvement in contemporary political and revolutionary conflict that adequately accounted for the spectrum of female participation and the macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level factors that may influence their involvement.
This project consisted of, first, developing the theoretical framework and, second, testing the framework. Three empirical quantitative studies utilising secondary data comprised the theory development stage.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Applied PsychologyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Investigative Interviewing, Spatial Memory and Hiding Behaviour in Missing Body Homicide Cases
No full textMissing body homicide cases are rare and often high profile. In some cases where it has been determined that a homicide has been committed, but no body has been found, there are co-operative suspects or perpetrators who attempt to provide the location of the victim’s remains but are unable to give accurate information due to the length of time between hiding the body and attempting to retrieve it, or issues when encoding the memory such as being under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. One such case is the death of Matthew Leveson in Australia, who was buried in a tract of bushland by his partner. During a coroner’s inquiry into the death several years later, the perpetrator, Michael Atkins, was compelled to disclose the location of Matthew’s remains without the risk of prosecution, essentially removing any logical reason for deception. Police investigators took Atkins to the proposed deposition site on three separate occasions to identify possible locations and excavated and sieved 7500 square meters of bushland. It was not until the last hour, of the last day, of the final search attempt, that Matthew’s body was found approximately 30m from one of the potential deposition sites identified by Atkins. In cases such as this, the way police gather and use information to locate the victim’s remains is critical to the outcome of the case. Improving the spatial recall of the perpetrator and understanding some of the patterns of behaviour that are used when hiding a victim’s remains could reduce the time and cost of search attempts, as well as improving the probability of locating the remains. This thesis presents a body of research that expands on the limited literature of missing body homicide investigations.
Study 1 (Chapter 2) reports the findings of 11 semi-structured interviews with a highly experienced sample of homicide investigators with direct experience in missing body homicide cases or other applicable cases. Investigators were asked about their critical decision points, and how interviews in these cases should be conducted. Four main themes were identified from the interviews. These were; (a) establishing rapport; (b) strategies for gaining information about the site location; (c) strategies for checking suspect veracity; and, (d) impediments to the interview process. Further, the information provided by investigators, revealed an absence of a clear strategy for interviewing on-site. This finding was the inspiration for study 2.
Study 2 (Chapter 3) used an experimental research design to test the effect of the Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) on the spatial memory retrieval of participants in a real-world hiding task. The practical impediments identified in study 1, such as the mnemonics of the Enhanced Cognitive Interview that can and cannot be applied in practice within a missing body homicide investigation, were used to create an abbreviated version of that might be applied in an on-site interview when searching for the victim’s remains. Participants were required to hide a sack in a tract of bushland using a mock homicide scenario. Next participants were required to return to the same tract of bushland approximately 30 days later and were randomly assigned to either the abbreviated ECI or a free recall condition. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference between the ECI and free recall condition with participants’ accuracy in locating the hidden bag. However, the ECI generated significantly more information about environmental details, such as landmarks. This study provides an evidence-based interview strategy for practitioners to apply on-site in a missing body homicide case that generates valuable detail that many improve the outcomes of search attempts.
Study3 (Chapter 4) examined the hiding behaviours of male and female participants in a bushland setting during a mock homicide scenario. This study found that participants tended to hide their objects in similar ways to actual perpetrators. Further, distinct patterns of hiding behaviours were found with female participants tending to exit the pathway at non-random points. Further, there were differences between males and females on the distance travelled to dispose of their object, with females travelling significantly less distance than males. This study adds to the existing research regarding the way humans hide objects, particularly in bushland. Further, it provides insight into the hiding behaviours of females, who are not represented in body disposal research. Finally, this study begins to fill a gap between the field research and laboratory studies on hiding behaviours by using a real-world naturalistic setting.
Together, these three studies provide a significant contribution to the literature on missing body homicide investigations and provides homicide investigators with an evidence base to inform important investigative decisions, particularly in the field of investigative interviewing. Further, investigators who may be approaching these rare cases now have access to the expansive knowledge of experienced homicide investigators who have identified the challenges faced when approaching a missing body homicide case, and provided some practical solutions, an empirical evidence base for an onsite investigative interviewing strategy through an experimental study and valuable information regarding the hiding strategies employed by participants when faced with some of the practical constraints found in real homicide cases. This thesis contributes to the advancement of knowledge in both a theoretical and practical way with its focus on synthesising the literature on spatial memory, hiding behaviours, and investigative interviewing within the practical challenges faced by practitioners. This thesis concludes with a synthesis of the literature, limitations of the current research and some suggestions for future research.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Crim & Crim JusticeArts, Education and LawFull Tex
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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