686 research outputs found
Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte and Platelet Score as a Novel Predictor of Mortality and Rebleeding in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
No full textBurcu Azapoğlu Kaymak,1 Merve Eksioglu,1 Tuba Cimilli Öztürk,1 Mehmet Köroğlu2 1University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; 2University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul, TurkeyCorrespondence: Burcu Azapoğlu Kaymak, University of Health Sciences Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine Atasehir-Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey, Email [email protected]: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) poses significant risks of morbidity and mortality, necessitating effective risk stratification tools. Traditional scoring systems such as the Rockall (RS), Glasgow-Blatchford (GBS), and AIMS65 have limitations in accurately predicting mortality and rebleeding. The Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, Platelet (HALP) score, initially developed for cancer prognosis, has demonstrated prognostic value in various conditions. This study aims to evaluate whether the HALP score, when assessed at admission, aligns with the Rockall score and can be used to predict rebleeding and 30- day mortality in UGIB patients.Patients and Methods: This retrospective study included 256 patients with confirmed UGIB admitted to a tertiary hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2017 and 2024. Patient data, including demographics, vital signs, laboratory parameters, endoscopic findings, and clinical outcomes, were collected. The HALP score was calculated at admission to the emergency department. ROC curve analysis assessed the predictive accuracy of the HALP score for 30-day mortality, rebleeding, and its performance was compared with the Rockall score.Results: The predictive performance of the HALP and Rockall scores for 30-day mortality and rebleeding was evaluated using ROC analysis, with AUC values of 0.772 (95% CI: 0.715– 0.822) and 0.770 (95% CI: 0.714– 0.820) for mortality prediction, respectively (p = 0.9801). For rebleeding prediction, the Rockall score had a higher AUC (0.739, 95% CI: 0.681– 0.792) than the HALP score (0.688, 95% CI: 0.627– 0.744), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.2969).Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the HALP score can be used for prognosis prediction in UGIB, exhibiting comparable sensitivity and specificity to the Rockall score. Its ease of calculation using routine laboratory parameters offers a practical complement to existing scoring systems.Keywords: upper gastrointestinal bleeding, HALP score, prognostic scoring, mortality predictio
Characterization of the Mortars and Plasters of the Mahmut the First Library of Fatih Mosque
No full textEski eserlerin koruma ve onarım (restorasyon ve konservasyon) çalışmaları belgeleme, teşhis, uygulama (temizleme, yapıştırma-dolgu-tümleme, sağlamlaştırma-koruma) ve bakım aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Onarım gerektiren uygulamalarda, eserin sorunlarının teşhisi kadar eserin orijinal malzemelerinin içeriklerinin ve niteliklerinin bilinmesi de önemlidir. Özellikle camii, kilise, saray, medrese, hamam gibi binalarla kale, köprü, çeşme, heykel gibi anıtsal yapıların üretiminde kullanılmış olan taş, tuğla, harç-sıva ve diğer orijinal malzemelerinin içerik ve niteliklerinin bilinmesi, uygulamada kullanılacak onarım malzemelerinin seçimi ve üretilmesi için bir gerekliliktir. Ancak bu bilgilerin elde edilmesiyle yan yana kullanılacak olan orijinal ve onarım malzemelerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekanik özellikleri birbirleriyle uyumlu ve benzer olacaktır. Aksi takdirde sağlıklı bir onarımın yapılması pek mümkün değildir. Çünkü yan yana kullanılan orijinal ve onarım malzemeleri farklı fiziksel ve mekanik özeliklere sahip olduklarında, birbirleri üzerine mekanik baskılar yaratacaklardır. Bu baskılar sonucunda da zayıf olan yapı malzemelerinin (çoğunlukla orijinal malzemelerdir) hasar görmesi kaçınılmazdır. Bunun sonucu olarak koruma ve onarımı yapılan eser, çevre koşullarının etkisine bağlı olarak kısa veya orta vadede, orijinal malzemeleri hasar göreceğinden, tekrar onarım gerektirir hale gelecektir. Bu çalışmada, 1999 depreminden zarar görmüş, İstanbul Fatih Camii Kütüphanesinin harç ve sıva analizleri yapılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre harç ve sıvalar 4 grup altında toplanmıştır. Birinci grup harç ve sıvalarda bağlayıcı olarak % 30-35 oranında kaymak kireç bağlayıcı, % 0,20-0,50 kıtık katkı ile tamamı kireçtaşı kırığı olan % 65-70 dolgu kullanılmıştır. Aynı bağlayıcı ve katkının kullanıldığı ikinci grupta dolgu olarak % 15-20 kireçtaşı kırığı ile yaklaşık % 50 oranında tuğla kırığı kullanılmıştır. % 30-35 hidrolik kirecin bağlayıcı olduğu üçüncü grup harç ve sıvalarda agrega olarak sadece tuğla kırığı kullanılmıştır. Üçüncü gruba
dahil edilen ve muhtemelen 1894 depremi sonrasında üretilmiş olan harçlarda tuğla kırığı’nın yaklaşık % 30’u çakıl niteliklidir. Son dönem restorasyonu’nda kullanılmış olan Dördüncü grup harçlarda bağlayıcı olarak % 25-30 hidrolik kireç, dolgu olarak % 15-20 kireçtaşı kırığı, yaklaşık % 30 tuğla kırığı ve % 30 kum kullanılmıştır. Fatih Camii Kütüphanesini restorasyonunda kullanılacak onarım harç ve sıvası olarak, alındıkları yerlere bağlı olarak birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü grup karışımlar önerilmiştir. Dördüncü gruba dahil olan yerlerde ise onarım malzemesi olarak üçüncü grup harç karışımı önerilmiştir.
Böylece, onarım sonrasında, Fatih Camii I Mahmut Kütüphanesi’nin yapı teknolojisi değiştirilmezken, onarımda kullanılan yeni harç ve sıvaların orijinal malzemeler üzerine fiziksel ve mekanik baskı yapması da engellenmiş olacaktır. Bu da yapının uzun bir süre, bir problem ve onarımla karşılaşmadan sağlıklı yaşamasını sağlayacaktır
Thematic analysis on fatih Emirhan’s povests (Fethulla hazret, hayat, şefigulla agay)
No full textBu tez çalışmasının amacı Fatih Emirhan’ın “Fethulla Hazret”, “Hayat”, “Şefigulla Agay” uzun hikâyelerinin tematik yönden incelenmesidir. Fatih Emirhan, Tatar edebiyatının önemli yazarlarından biridir. Tatar edebiyatına hikâyeleri ve drama eserleri ile katkıda bulunmuştur. Yazarın eserlerini incelemeden önce “Tatar Türkleri ve Tarihi”, “20. Yüzyıl Tatar Edebiyatı”, “Tatar Edebiyatında Hikâye ve Uzun Hikâye” hakkında bilgiler verilecektir. Devamında “Fatih Emirhan’ın Hayatı, Edebi Kişiliği ve Eserleri” ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca bu bölümde “Fatih Emirhan’ın Eserlerinde Kadınların Özgürlüğü” başlığı altında bilgiler verilecektir. Son bölümde Fatih Emirhan’ın uzun hikâyelerinin özetlerine yer verilecek ve bahsi geçen bu eserlerin tema incelemesi yapılacaktır. Bu çalışmayı diğerlerinden ayırannokta, Fatih Emirhan’ın hayatı ve eserleri üzerinde böyle bir çalışmanın daha önce ayrıntılı yapılmamış olmasıdır. Bu çalışma ile Fatih Emirhan’ın duygu ve düşünceleri dile getirilmeye çalışılacaktır.The aim of this thesis is to examine Fatih Emirhan's “Fethulla Hazret”, “Hayat”, and “Şefigulla Agay” povests **thematically. Fatih Emirhan is one of the important writers of Tatar Literature. He contributed to Tatar Literature with his stories and drama works. Before examining the works of the author, firstly “Tatar Turks and History,” “20th Century Tatar Literature,” and “Story and Povest in Tatar Literature” will be given. Afterwards, “Fatih Emirhan’s Life, Literary Personality, and Works” will be discussed. In addition, in this section, information will be given under the title of “The Freedom of Women in the Works of Fatih Emirhan”. In the last section, summaries of Fatih Emirhan's long stories will be given and thematic analysis of these works will be made. The point that distinguishes this study from others is that such a study on Fatih Emirhan's life and works has not been done in detail before. With this study, Fatih Emirhan's feelings and thoughts will be tried to be expressed
Maintaining mixed neighbourhoods. Fatih plateau: The completed nucleus. A generative strategy for historical Istanbul
No full textThe project is the result of a combination of operations performed on the site adjacent to Fatih mosque. It aims to programmatically complete the area’s nucleus to adequately provide for a pluralistic society in conjunction with Fatih mosque that currently dominates the area with its singular religious program. The essential objective is to repair and revitalize the area in the heart of the historical part of the city that apart from the mosque is in a very bad state, by bringing additional public program in, to accommodate for every facet of life in this metropolitan city. The project marries the old fabric below with a new public space above that facilitates virtually all kinds of public program. It consists of three stacked interpretations of universal space. A plinth that negates the hierarchy caused by the topography that does not rely on program to give it its form but rather, inspired by the permanence of monuments, is capable of housing any kind of program for any period of time. On top of the plinth on grade with Fatih mosque the possibility is created for large public programs to take shape as a multitude of expressive buildings that, together with the mosque, form a unity in diversity. The new public space is the interface between, vertically, the existing city and the intensified public program and horizontally, the collective space around the mosque and the new square while at the same time providing all the services for the large public programs on top to allow them to be as autonomous as they can be.Capital Region - IstanbulPublic BuildingArchitecture and The Built Environmen
Green Infrastructure and Flood Resilience in Fatih, Istanbul
No full textThis thesis focuses on the challenges Istanbul faces due to extensive urbanisation and global warming. The metropole has become vulnerable to climate change, especially to the increasing threat of floods. As a result of urbanisation and poor city planning, the green spaces have decreased considerably in Istanbul, which reduced stormwater retention considerably. This is concerning, as green infrastructure provide ecosystem services that can serve as flood control. The thesis describes the context of Istanbul’s flood governance, including international, national and metropolitan flood policies and Istanbul’s flood resilience actor-network. In Istanbul’s flood risk management plans, the role that green infrastructure can play in flood control has been neglected. To meet this gap, this study aims to analyse how green infrastructure could enhance Istanbul’s flood resilience. Fatih is one of the oldest districts in Istanbul and is taken as a case study due to its high vulnerability to flash floods. The study presents a case study on Fatih with a spatial approach to monitor flood resilience and ecosystem services through green infrastructures that can foster resilience. A Geographic Information System in combination with a multi-criteria evaluation is used as a tool to identify priority areas for green infrastructure investments. Finally, the effect of three green infrastructure investments is analysed. The research finds that the indicators proposed by Li et al. (2016) are appropriate to use to analyse the priority areas for green infrastructure investment. These indicators reflect a system approach as they include technical, environmental as well as social variables. This is important for the city of Istanbul, as they provide a holistic framework with these indicators. Furthermore, using the flood map provided by ISKI, the flood sensitive areas in Fatih have been identified, and especially the infrastructures surrounding the main boulevard are subject to flooding. Molla Gürani resulted to be the neighbourhood being most flood vulnerable, and therefore the main priority is for green infrastructure development. For this neighbourhood, increased green infrastructure is modelled. The results show a significant reduction in flood vulnerability, which concludes the part green infrastructure have in flood control. The thesis concludes that there is no one-size-fits-all response to enhance flood resilience. Especially since flood resilience is not only based on flood mitigation but rather coping and transforming from floods. Green area investments prove useful to enhance resilience, as these investments provide benefits that can transform the resilience of urban flood management into a more adaptive state due to the nature of the ecosystem services. This research proposes a few recommendations for decision-makers in Istanbul to take into consideration.Industrial Ecolog
Real wage growth over the business cycle:contractual versus spot markets
No full textWe study the wage growth of job stayers over the business cycle, and show that wage adjustments within a job spell display significant history dependence. This is at odds with the spot market model, which implies that the wage growth of a worker within a job spell depends solely on the change in the contemporaneous economic conditions. Instead, we find that workers hired during recessions, or those who experienced unfavorable economic conditions since they were hired, receive larger wage raises during expansions, and are subject to smaller wage cuts during downswings. The change in the contemporaneous conditions, on the other hand, is not a significant determinant of wage growth. Our findings are consistent with a model of implicit insurance contracts where neither the employer nor the worker can fully commit to the contract.Business Cycles,Wage Rigidity, Implicit Contracts, Cyclical Selection
Utilization of Metakaolin and Calcite: Working Reversely in Workability Aspect - As Mineral Admixture in Self-Compacting Concrete
No full textIn this work, utilization of metakaolin (MK) and calcite (C), working reversely in workability aspect, as mineral admixture in self-compacting concrete (SCC), was investigated. MK and C replaced cement in mass basis at various replacement ratios, separately and together. In total, 19 different SCCs were produced. Binder content and water to binder ratio were selected as 500 kg/m 3 and 0.4, respectively. Workability tests including slump flow, T 50 , L-box, and V-funnel tests were performed. Consistency and setting times of binder paste were measured. While replacement of MK with cement increased the amount of plasticiser requirement, calcite worked reversely and decreased it. Reverse influence of MK and C on plasticiser requirement of SCC made possible to produce SCC at total 45%replacement ratio of MK and C together. Samples of SCC were cured in water at 20°C temperature. Compressive strengths of SCC samples were measured up to six months to evaluate the influence of MK and C, separately and together. Ultrasonic pulse velocity, abrasion, and capillary water absorption values of samples were determined at specified age. MK inclusion in concrete reduces workability, while C inclusion increases it. C and MK inclusion together remedied workability of concrete and enabled to produce SCC with high volume of admixtures. Furthermore, C incorporation increased one-day compressive strength, while MK incorporation reduced it in comparison with control concrete. In long term, C inclusion reduced compressive strength; however, MK inclusion increased it. C inclusion remedied one-day strength of concrete when it was used together with MK. MK inclusion remedied long-term compressive strength when it was used together with C and enabled to produce high-strength SCC with high volume of admixtures. SCC containing MK and C together showed better durability-related property. © 2018 Fatih Özcan and Halil Kaymak
The music tractate presented to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. (Fatih Anonym)
No full textThe work also famed as Fatih Anonym upon being dedicated to Mehmed II, sovereign of the period, is one of the most important works in the history of Turkish Music. Fatih Anonym is a work which makes considerable benefits to the construction of basis on the theories of today?s music on the fundamental issues primarily sound systems such as art and tune.Being also a historical record in terms of revealing the level the Turkish music culture has reached in the 15th century, Fatih Anonym has the quality of being a classification and annotation of the works by the major authors in the field of theories of music, as well.While writing the Fatih Anonym, the author has benefitted from the works of the authors like Farabi, İbn-i Sina, Safiyyuddîn Urmevî and Abdulkadir Meragî, previously worked in the field of theories of music. During benefitting from the previous works, the author not only made transference but also added his own thoughts and interpretations. Thus; in his work, he tried to make many issues handled also by the previous authors clear.Fatih Anonym consists of significant information on the issues of the Turkish music which makes the basis on the theories of music primarily tunes and sound systems. In the work, one of the significant sources of Turkish music history, many issues are handled elaborately, such as the numerical rates, tune, ranges, the consistence and inconsistencies of the ranges, kinds, cries, groups, arrangement of the ranges, common sounds in the verses, detection of the 17 pitches on the string, ranges of tunes, ?mücenneb? and ?bakiyye?, progresses and gamut of the modes( of the era) compositions and forms used in compositions, effects of the modes, times for the modes to be performed, transitions in the tunes, tempo, and vocalization.According to the popular opinion, the author of Fatih Anonym is Fethullah Şirvânî. Fatih Anonym, presented to Mehmed II, the sovereign of the period, is not the same as Mecelletü?n fi?l-Mûsika, by Fethullah Şirvânî, although they are similar in terms of style and content.İn terms of many subjects, Fatih Anonym, considerably similar to Şerefiyye by Safiyyuddîn, is a work written after Mecelletü?n fi?l-Mûsika. Many issues not handled in Mecelletü?n fi?l-Mûsika are elaborately dealt in Fatih Anonym. From this point of view, Fatih Anonym is more systematic and extensive in content.Fatih Anonym, gained to the history of the Turkish music through our study, has a quality of being a source needed to be consulted by the researchers on the field of music, and researched extensively.XV. yüzyılda Devrin padişahı II. Mehmed(Fatih)'e ithaf edilmesi ile Fatih Anonimi şeklinde de meşhur olan eser, Türk Mûsikîsi tarihinin en önemli eserlerinden biri olma hüviviyetine sahiptir. Fatih Anonimi, başta ses sistemleri olmak üzere usûl ve makam gibi temel konularda günümüz mûsikî nazariyatının alt yapısının oluşmasında önemli katkılar sağlayan bir eser niteliğindedir.XV. yüzyılda Türk Mûsikî kültürününün almış olduğu seviyeyi deşifre etmesi bakımından da önemli bir tarihi vesika niteliğinde olan Fatih anonimi, aynı zamanda mûsikî nazariyatı sahasında çok önemli eserler kaleme almış olan büyük müelliflerin yazdıkları eserlerin adeta yeniden tasnifi ve şerhi niteliğindedir.Fatih Anonimi'nde müellif, eserini kaleme alırken mûsikî nazariyatı alanında kendisinden önce eser veren Fârâbî, İbn Sînâ, Safiyyuddîn Urmevî ve Abdulkadir Meragî gibi müelliflerin eserlerinden önemli ölçüde yararlanmıştır. Müellif, kendinden öncekilerin eserlerinden yararlanma esnasında sadece nakilcilik yapmamış, aynı zamanda kendi düşünce ve yorumlarını da ilave etmiştir. Böylece müellif, eserinde önceki müelliflerin ele aldıkları mûsikîye ait bir çok konuyu daha anlaşılır bir hale getirmeye çalışmıştır.Fatih Anonimi, Türk Mûsikîsi'nin başta makamlar ve ses sistemleri olmak üzere günümüz mûsikî nazariyatının temellerini oluşturan konularda çok önemli bilgileri içermektedir. Türk Mûsikîsi tarihinin önemli kaynaklarından biri olan eserde sayısal oranlar, nağme(ses ), aralıklar, aralıkların uyumsuzluğu ve uyumu, cinsler, âvâzlar, şû'beler, aralıkların tertibi, dizilerdeki ortak sesler, tel üzerinde 17 perdenin tesbiti, tanînî, mücenneb ve bakiyye aralıkları, makamlar( edvâr)'ın seyir ve dizileri, beste ve beste yapımında kullanılan formlar, makamların tesirleri, makamların icra olunacakları vakitler, nağmelerde intikâl, îkâ (usûl) ve seslendirme gibi bir çok konu ele alınıp ayrıntılı bir şekilde işlenmiştir.Fatih Anonimi'nin müellifi kanaatimizce Fethullah Şirvânî'dir. Devrin padişahı II. Mehmed'e sunulan Fatih Anonimi, Fethullah Şirvânî'ye ait olan Mecelletü'n fi'l-Mûsika adlı esere üslup ve muhteva olarak çok benzese de aynı eser değildir. Her iki eser de kanaatimizce aynı müellifin iki ayrı eseri olup birbirinin muhtasarı ya da farklı redaksiyonlarıdır.Bir çok konu itibariyle Safiyyuddîn'in Şerefiyye adlı eseriyle de hatırı sayılır derecede benzerliği olan Fatih Anonimi, Mecelletü'n fi'l-Mûsika adlı eserden sonra kaleme alınan bir eserdir. Mecelletü'n fi'l-Mûsika'da yer almayan bir çok konuya Fatih Anonimi'nde ayrıntılı olarak yer verilmiştir. Bu yönüyle Fatih Anonimi, muhteva olarak Mecelletü'n fi'l-Mûsika'ya göre daha sistematik ve daha hacimlidir.Üzerinde yaptığımız çalışma ile Türk Mûsikî tarihine kazandırılan Fatih Anonimi, mûsikî sahasında çalışma yürüten araştırmacılar tarafından başvurulması ve üzerinde araştırılması gereken bir kaynak eser özelliği taşımaktadır
Use of metakaolin and calcite in self compacting concrete
No full textFen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışmada, metakaolin (MK) ve kalsitin (K) kendiliğinden yerleşen beton (KYB) özelliklerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Karışımlarda bağlayıcı miktarı 500 kg/m³, su/bağlayıcı oranı ise 0,4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Normal Portland çimentosu ile üretilen kontrol betonuna çimento yerine % 10, 15 ve 20 oranlarında MK % 10, 15, 20 oranlarında K ve MK içeren karışımlara sırasıyla %10, 15, 20 ve 25 oranlarında K ikame edilerek ikili karışımlar oluşturulmuştur. Üretilen betonlar 35 0C sıcak kür ve standart kür şartlarında deneye tabi tutularak basınç dayanımları, ultrasonik hız değerleri, aşınma dayanımları, kapiler su emme ve boşluk oranları ölçülmüştür.MK ikamesi ile hazırlanan betonlarda ilk günlerde şahit betona göre basınç dayanımında azalmalar görülürken, K ikameli betonlarda ilk günlerde basınç dayanımlarında artışlar gözlenmiştir. İkili karışımlarda ise ilk günlerde MK ile düşen basınç dayanımlarının kalsit ikamesiyle yükseldiği tespit edilmiştir. Ultrasonik hız, kapiler su emme ve boşluk oranı değerlerinin basınç dayanımları ile uyum içinde olduğu görülmüştür.In this study, the effects of metakaolin (MK) and calcite (C) on the self-compacting concrete (SCC) properties were investigated. In mixtures, binder content and water/binder ratio were determined as 500 kg/m3 and 0,4 respectively. Binary mixtures are formed by adding %10, 15 and 20 MK, %10, 15 and 20 C and the mixture which has MK is added %10, 15, 20 and 25 C in order to control concrete manufactured by conventional Portland cement. The manufactured concretes were tested for compressive strengh, the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the capillary water sorption for curing in warm water at 35 0C and also for standard curing conditions.For the early ages it was obserwed some decreases in compressive strength of concretes made with MK replacement when compered to the reference concrete, however increases in compresive strength of concretes made with C replacement were seen. For the binary mixtures it was determined that compressive strength which decreased with MK replacement increased with C replacement. It is shown that ultrasonic pulse velocity, capillary water sorption and porosity values are in agreement with compressive strength values
Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Non Formal Di Pondok Pesantren Muhammad Al Fatih Sukoharjo Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
No full textIn the era of increasingly fierce competition for life, demands that every human being be qualified human resources. Education is one of the means to make quality human beings. With education it is hoped that the future will be better. Compulsory education program for school-aged children. However, at the time when there were still many school children who had not received or could not even finish studying for at least 12 years with various reasons. From an Islamic point of view, education is something important that requires its implementation. Pesantren is an alternative to realizing compulsory education programs through non-formal education channels. Based on the background of the problem above, the writer formulated the problem namely "How is the Implementation of Non-Formal Education in Islamic Boarding School Muhammad Al Fatih Sukoharjo? This study aims to study what kind of non-formal education and how to carry out non-formal education in Islamic boarding school Muhammad Al Fatih Sukoharjo. This research uses a field research method that uses descriptive qualitative. Aims to collect data and information from facts that occur. In collecting data using interviews, collection and documentation. While the data analysis method uses Inductive analysis. Based on the results of research conducted by the author, the implementation of Non-Formal Education in Muhammad Al-Fatih Sukoharjo Islamic Boarding School is as follows: (1) The purpose of Non-Formal Education in Muhammad Al-Fatih Islamic Boarding School is to help him follow with skills in various blessings according to his wishes and interests. able to be independent in facing life, (2) Form of Non-Formal Education in Islamic Boarding School Muhammad Al Fatih in the form of learning Diniyah Subjects, General Subjects, and Extra Activities, (3) Non-Formal Education Learning in the form of Mid-Semester Assessment, Final Semester Assessment and Exams National, (4) The main elements in the organization of non-formal education of students, teaching staff, teaching materials and educational environment
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