1,720,958 research outputs found
Architectural form: flexibility, subdivision and diversity in Manhattan loft buildings
Full text linkHow do the design and spatial configuration of buildings impact the economic life of their neighbourhood? A mixed-methods study of industrial loft buildings in the Midtown Garment District of Manhattan in New York City investigates both occupants and built forms over a long period (1930–80). A large-scale statistical analysis of flexibility shows how the tenants’ space requirements in those buildings changed and how the buildings were able to respond through flexibility in the subdivision and arrangement of rooms or suites occupied by different tenants. The research is anchored around the physical and economic analysis of two sets of buildings (n = 37) divided according to whether buildings supported consistently high or consistently low diversities of tenants of varying economic specialisations over time. These loft buildings were found to support an economic diversity of businesses (i.e. many collaborating specialisms in the garment industry) that expand or contract according to business conditions. From the analysis of these buildings,an array of six physical parameters is derived that influence the capabilities of buildings to consistently support high levels of diversity of tenants over extended periods of time. PRACTICE RELEVANCE This research shows that the physical characteristics (design and layout) of buildings affect their capabilities to accommodate a variety of different tenants,allowing for a rapid expansion or contraction of individual tenancies. This flexibility provides economic robustness for the building because it can respond to changing tenant needs and economic conditions. The design decisions involving cores,corridors,facades,light and air have economic impacts that were not previously recognised. They emerge here as critical elements in the fine-grained relationship between the physical and economic dynamics of the city. © 2021 The Author(s).yesPublishe
Missing Teeth and Sticky Parts of Urban Plans: The Case of Patrick Geddes’ Tel Aviv
No full textThis paper is focused on the rise, development, and current state of the built environment of Tel Aviv, specifically looking at (1) the historical context within which Tel Aviv’s origin story is situated; (2) the ideals initially espoused by Patrick Geddes in his master plan for the city, and how the built environment mutated as varying pressures began to push and pull at its seams in the decades that followed; (3) the parts of the initial master plan which maintained their tenacity within the built environment, in comparison to the parts which were absorbed by the weight of rapid urbanization; and (4) the unexpected micro-architectural typologies that have emerged within the built environment of Tel Aviv, anchored within the micro-scale urban morphological niches framed by Geddes’ original master plan. The first two points, located within the discursive landscape of architectural and urban history, are addressed via a historical methodological approach. The latter two points are scrutinized via an analysis of the contemporary built environment of Tel Aviv, with the final point specifically utilizing an ideal-type analysis often deployed within psychological and sociological research. The findings presented across the paper are in close relationship with the growing body of literature attempting to partially steer the discursive landscape concerning Tel Aviv away from an obsessive focus on the city’s modernist architectural legacy and towards a deeper understanding and recognition of what has pejoratively been deemed the background fabric of the city
The Global City and Its Discontents: A Study of New York City's Garment District, 1930-1980
No full textBig business and small business, the global and the local, the rich and the poor—these polarities often inhabit compartmentalized geographies within the modern global city. This compartmentalization proves to be problematic since the lack of a localized diversity of socioeconomic actors is a critical point of vulnerability in the context of urban resilience. The question is, what role does the relationship between the built world and human socioeconomic agency play in the context of this issue?
The objective of this dissertation is to document, analyze, and understand: (1) at the district scale, how architectural / urban characteristics, typologies, and configurations have historically influenced the developmental trajectory and composition of the city’s socioeconomic fabric, and in turn how socioeconomic structures have historically influenced the architectural / urban characteristics, typologies, and configurations observed in the city; (2) at the building scale, how the internal physical / spatial characteristics and configurations of buildings have historically influenced the developmental trajectory and composition of the socioeconomic fabric, and how socioeconomic actors in turn have historically altered and influenced the internal physical / spatial characteristics and configurations of buildings over time; (3) the commonalities, patterns, and processes that can be discerned via the historic study of these narratives of physical and socioeconomic change; and (4) how these commonalities can in turn inform future architectural and urban projects in their capacity to support localized diversities of socioeconomic actors.
In seeking to answer these questions, this dissertation endeavors to understand, more broadly: (1) the historic nature of the relationship between the physical and the socioeconomic fabric of the city; and (2) how future alterations to the physical fabric of the city can be informed so as to positively impact a locality’s ability to attract and maintain a diversity of socioeconomic actors over an extended period of time. These broader objectives are pursued with the supposition that they have the capacity to significantly impact the ideological conception, as well as practical regulation, planning, and administration of global cities
A.I. and the rewiring of Madrid: Narratives of Water, Energy, and the Built World
No full textThis paper is structured as an instrumental case study assessing the impacts of the incorporation of AI platforms within the iterative design process of a fifth-year undergraduate architectural studio. The topic of focus for the studio was the rewiring of energy and water infrastructures within the city of Madrid, Spain. Within the contemporary city, such urban infrastructures have tended to be moulded around a strictly top-down, public-to-private gradient. This unidirectional, innately hierarchical, and centralized approach to the provision of energy and water has been accompanied by a range of issues, including cascading systemic failures, low systemic resilience, and issues of inequitable access to resources. A more hybridized approach to urban infrastructural networks continues to gain traction within the discourse, one which takes advantage of the capacities of more decentralized systems and greater private stakeholder engagement, while not shying away from some of the benefits of more centralized systems. This studio was oriented towards achieving a deep dive into such hybridized infrastructural frameworks while leveraging artificial intelligence platforms for the purposes of accelerating and amplifying portions of the iterative design process, refining project narratives, and accelerating the student research process
Historic Preservation, Complexity, and the Shadow of Monumentality: The Case of Lutyens’ Delhi
No full textOver the years, the central administrative district of New Delhi, known colloquially as Lutyens’ Delhi, dominantly shaped under the authorship of Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker, has been repeatedly called upon to support a wider range of uses and a higher range of densities than it currently houses. In reaction to such calls, arguments of historic preservation and conservation have been recycled in defense of the built environmental status quo within the area. One of the more layered arguments given for such a manner of preservation is that presented by Buch (2003) which pulls from a wide breadth of perspectives, ranging from basic arguments of architectural legacy to those which extrapolate connections between the Vastu Purusha and the masterplan inherent to Lutyens’ Delhi. This paper is framed as an intrinsic case study into the argument of Buch (2003), offering a detailed cross-examination, and by extension refutation, of the various historical and ideological assertions found therein
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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