325,249 research outputs found
A Comparative Research about the Origin of the Name and Personality of Kaveh Ahangar
Get PDFIntroductionThe story of Kaveh Ahangar is one of the fascinating stories of the Shahnameh, which has attracted the attention of researchers due to its features such as the uprising against the oppression of the tyrannical king, the victory of the uprising and the dethronement of the cruel king and etc. In addition to Shahnameh, this story can be seen in Asadi Tusi's Garshasb-Nameh and some historical texts after Islam with some differences. But there is no mention of this story in Avesta and Persian texts before Islam And in the Shahnameh, Kaveh appeared only in the story of Fereydoun. For this reason, the origin of this story and the origin of Kaveh's name and character have become controversial. And so far, researchers have presented different theories about it, which can be divided into four categories. The first group believes that Kaveh's name is related to Avestan names but his character is not old and this story was written after the Parthian period which was included in the Sasanian Khoday-Nameh and the legendary history of this period. Ferdinand Justi, Arthur Christensen and Zabihullah Safa can be mentioned in this group. The second group considers his name and character are old and legendary, and they have tried to find a connection between his personality and Kai-Qubad or Tvashtr, the blacksmith of the gods in the Rig Veda personality. Johannes Hertel, Bahman Sarkarati, and Turaj Daryaei can be mentioned in this group. The third group believes that the story of Kaveh is not the mythological story but is a Persian Ayyari story that entered the national epic at the end of the Sassanid period and the beginning of the Islamic period. Mehrdad Bahar is in this group. The fourth category believes that Kaveh has been associated with the cow, which plays an important role against Ahriman from the beginning of creation in Iranian myths, especially in the story of Fereydoun. MethodologyIranian researchers and orientalists have written various articles about the relationship between Kai-Kavus in the mythological texts of Iran and Kavi-Uśanas in the mythological texts of ancient India and they considered these two characters the same in the age of the Vedas. For example, Georges Dumezil, in the book “The plight of a sorcerer”, considered these two characters to be the same. Also, Christensen suggests that India took this character from Iran. Herman Lommel says that in the Rig-Veda Kavi-Uśanas is the only one whose name is connected with the title of Kavi, and in Iran this title is connected only with the name of Kai-Kavus. Mehrdad Bahar, one of the Iranian researchers, believes that in an Indo-Iranian stage, Kavi-Uśanas or Kai-Kavus was a warrior-Priest, and in the Avesta and Pahlavi era, a king-Priest, But in the Persian literature and some Pahlavi narratives, his character has been transformed especially in the Shahnameh, into a tyrannical, imprudent and unwise king. DiscussionIn the Rig-Veda, the name Kavi-Uśanas is mentioned in three forms: Usana the son of kavi, UŚana kavya and Uśana, and various characteristics and actions have been listed for him. His actions are of four categories: mediating between the Div`s and the Asuras, making a Vajra mace for Indra, knowing the secrets of the cows (sometimes considered treasures), getting rewarded by Indra for serving him. Here we compare the works of UŚana kavya with the works of Kaveh.3.1- Making a Mace: Making a mace is the most important act of Kavi-Uśanas and Kaveh, because with this mace (Vajra) Indra kills the dragon of drought and darkness Vritra and releases the waters. Although the making of this mace is attributed to Tvashtr (Black Smith), in several hymns of the Rig-Veda, Kavi-Uśanas is the maker of the mace.3.2- Having Wisdom and knowledge: In the Indian texts, Kavi-Uśanas and his father "Kavi" are attributed to wisdom. In a hymn of the Rig-Veda, Kavi-Uśanas is described as the owner of wisdom and knowledge. Sometimes also the power of prophecy is attributed to them. We can see also this power at Kaveh. For example, after Fereydoun ascended the throne, Zahhak's supporters prevented him from being killed and imprisoned, and Kaveh planned a friendship with Zahhak and then imprisoned him.3.3- being rich: In the Indian texts, Kavi-Uśanas is very rich. For example, he reigns on the top of Mount Meru, and three-quarters of all the gold and gems in the world belong to him. There are also narrations in Naqqali texts which emphasize that Kaveh was a rich man and owner of a clan.3.4- Piety: According to the analysis of Georges Dumezil in the Rig-Veda, Kavi-Uśanas is neither a god nor a warrior, but a powerful and wise saint who had an ambiguous personality in the past. Indians and Iranians later mentioned him in two different ways. This feature is also mentioned in the Naqqali scrolls for Kaveh. For example, Zariri says: Kaveh and his children were so chaste, pious, and manly that they were considered saints of God. They never lie or do bad things.3.5- Magic: In the Indian texts, has been attributed Kavi-Uśanas magical powers several times and there are also stories that he has used this power. Although there is no mention of Kaveh's magical power in the Shahnameh and he is described as a simple blacksmith, in the Naqqali scrolls, not only Kaveh himself is attributed magical powers, but there are also magical elements in his stories.3.6- panacea: According to a hymn of the Rig-Veda, Kavi-Uśanas has the power to make the old people young and vice versa. He can also raise the dead. This feature is seen in the Shahnameh as a panacea that is kept in the treasure of Kai-Kavus that is mentioned in the story of Rostam and Sohrab. 4.Conclusion Kaveh's connection with Kai-Kavus and Kavi-Uśanas is a point that researchers have not paid attention to regarding the origin of Kaveh Ahangar's name and character. Dumezil believes that there are similarities between these two that is neither coincidence nor borrowing. The innovations that are assigned to Kai-Kavus in the Pahlavi and epic texts of the Islamic period are a form of a new dress that preserves the previous materials. Exactly the story of Kaveh is a new version of this ancient myth, which, in addition to the same root of the name, is similar to the story of Kai-Kavus and Kavi-Uśanas in six features: 1- Making a Mace, 2- Having Wisdom and knowledge, 3- being rich, 4- Piety, 5- Magic, 6- panacea. This ancient myth during the transition from the age of mythology to the epic divided into two parts, and each part’s name refers to a character, Kavi and Kaveh became a blacksmith and Uśanas a priest, religious and holy man. But by time, the myth of Kavi-Uśanas was forgotten and Semitic mythology took its place, and the character of Joshua, who was more famous, replaced Uśanas.
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
2008 Economic Crisis Analysis: The Macroeconomic Approach
Get PDFRecent economic crisis started from the American Housing. In 2005, the price of housing started to grow and for gaining more profit, the banks inclined to housing and provided applicants with lots of facilities. With the burst of price bubbles, intense reduction of prices occurred in the housing market and the loan recipients did not have any motives to repay their loans. Therefore, the credit- providing and official organs that had given lots of facilities to the housing sector faced crisis. This recession rapidly spread to other economic sectors and shortly infected Europe and Japan, and also influenced other countries with respect to their dependence on America’s economy. This paper, with an approach to macroeconomics and IS-LM model, analyzes the recent crisis. --Economic Crisis,Macroeconomics,IS-LM Model,America's Economy
Functional investigation of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in glioma brain tumors
No full textGliomas are known to be the most prevalent primary tumors of the central nervous system, of which glioblastoma is the most aggressive type with a median survival less than 2 years and no available cure. Studies in this thesis investigated the significance of two potentially important proteins in glioma biology, the transcription factor PROX1 and the histone chaperone NPM1, and the interplay of the therapeutic targets p53 and mTOR.Study I combined dataset mining and experimental studies to elucidate the function of PROX1 in glioblastoma. PROX1 mRNA was significantly lower in tumors with a mesenchymal signature, and its modulation in cultures derived from a heterogeneous glioblastoma tumor, transitioned the cells between non-mesenchymal and mesenchymal gene expression-based profiles. Concomitant with this were changes in proliferation rate, cell cycle proteins and stem cell markers. Further, the results revealed PROX1 regulation by SOX2, a connection that could be controlled by a CDK2 small molecule inhibitor. The findings from this study highlight the value of PROX1 as a prognostic tool and the functional role of PROX1 in glioma tumor development.In study II, immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed a significant overexpression of NPM1 in human glioblastoma samples. Moreover, the subcellular localization of NPM1 was assessed in glioma cell lines. NPM1 displayed a cloudy nuclear staining compared with the more pronounced nucleolar staining observed in normal cells. Moreover, NPM1 depletion altered the nucleolar structure, but had no major effect on cell viability. Interestingly, enforced expression of NPM1 reduced apoptosis in histone H1.5 depleted cells, suggesting that NPM1 acts in a pro-survival manner in cells.In study III, the p53 response to drug-induced nucleolar stress and simultaneous inhibition of mTOR pathway by the use of various natural and synthetic compounds was analyzed. mTOR inhibition interfered with the p53 pathway stress response, as assessed by the impairment of p53 stabilization and reduced mRNA and protein levels of its downstream target p21. This provides information that may help improve combinatorial drug treatment regimens for cancer patients.Collectively, these studies provide novel insights into the biology of glioma brain tumors useful for patient diagnosis and more effective personalized therapies.List of scientific papersI. Kaveh M Goudarzi, Jaime A Espinoza, Min Guo, Jiri Bartek, Monica Nistér, Mikael S Lindström, Daniel Hägerstrand. Decreased PROX1 levels transition glioblastoma cells into a mesenchymal gene expression subtype. [Submitted]II. Karl Holmberg Olausson, Tamador Elsir, Kaveh M Goudarzi, Monica Nistér, Mikael S Lindström. NPM1 histone chaperone is upregulated in glioblastoma to promote cell survival and maintain nucleolar shape. Sci Rep. 5, 16495 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16495 III. Kaveh M Goudarzi, Monica Nistér, Mikael S Lindström. MTOR inhibitors blunt the p53 response to nucleolar stress by regulating RPL11 and MDM2 levels. Cancer Biol Ther. 15, 1499-514 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4161/15384047.2014.955743 </p
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
Get PDFAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
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