1,720,961 research outputs found
Cellulose content variation and underlying gene families in bread wheat
No full textSynthesis and remodelling of various cell wall components play a vital role in plant development, architecture and innate immunity. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose which produce a bulk of renewable biomass vital for food, feed and biofuels. Cellulose in the primary and secondary cell wall of plants is synthesised by the family of genes called CesA (Cellulose synthase A). This study is a first report about the distinctive structural and functional motifs of primary and secondary cell wall synthesis genes. Using publicly available genomic databases and resources, 22 TaCesA genes located on A, B and D genomes of hexaploid wheat were identified. Cellulose in secondary cell walls is synthesised by three genes (TaCesA4, TaCesA7, and TaCesA8) co-expressing in the mature stem tissues of bread wheat. But the relative transcript abundance was found to be higher for TaCesA4 genes, which indicates its major role in the secondary cell wall cellulose synthesis. We employed the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach to functionally characterize TaCesA4 gene through silencing its three homoeologs (TaCesA4A, TaCesA4B, and TaCesA4D) collectively in bread wheat. Silenced plants showed a significant reduction in transcript abundance and cellulose content in the stem tissues. However, the anatomy of stem cross sections of silenced plants did not show any evidence of abrupt changes in the secondary cell wall of stems at the booting stage. A panel of 265 diverse wheat lines was evaluated for natural variation of cellulose content that was linked to the SNP genotyping data through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). This analysis led the identification of novel genes (β-tubulin and UDP-glycosyl transferase) associated with cellulose biosynthesis in wheat. In addition, Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes of wheat were explored. These genes have been known for the regulation/synthesis of hemicelluloses such as heteromannan, xyloglucan, heteroxylans, and mixed-linkage glucan. A total of 108 Csl genes were identified based on the family specific Pfam conserved domains. Tissue-specific expression and phylogeny of Csl genes were also elucidated. Taken together, genome- wide exploration of CesA & Csl genes and their association with cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis offer a valuable resource for designing high yielding wheat varieties possessing appropriate lignocellulosic traits.La synthèse et la remodelage des divers composants des parois cellulaires jouent un rôle important dans le développement, l'architecture et l'immunité innée des plantes. Les parois cellulaires sont principalement composées de cellulose et d'hémicellulose, lesquelles représentent une quantité importante de biomasse dans les aliments pour humains et bétail autant que dans les biocombustibles. La cellulose présente dans les parois cellulaires primaires et secondaires est synthétisée par des gènes de la famille CesA (Cellulose synthase A). Cette étude est la première à décrire les motifs structurels et fonctionnels caractéristiques de ces gènes de synthèse de parois cellulaires primaires et secondaires. Utilisant des ressources génétiques disponibles, 22 gènes TaCesA situés sur les génomes A, B et D du blé hexaploïde furent identifiés. La cellulose dans les parois cellulaires secondaires est synthétisée par trois gènes (TaCesA4, TaCesA7 et TaCesA8) qui sont coexprimés dans les tissus matures des tiges de blé. Cependant, les transcrits du gène TaCesA4 étaient plus abondants, ce qui indique l'importance élevée de ce gène pour la synthèse de la cellulose dans les parois cellulaires secondaires. Par biais d'une technique silençage de gène induit par virus (VIGS), nous avons caractérisé la fonctionnalité du gène TaCesA4 en désactivant tous ses trois homologues (TaCesA4A, TaCesA4B et TaCesA4D) dans le blé. Les plantes avec les gènes ainsi désactivés montrèrent une réduction significative en abondance des transcrits et en quantité de cellulose présente dans les tissus de leurs tiges. Cependant, l'anatomie des sections transversales des plantes aux gènes désactivés ne montrèrent aucune évidence de changements dramatiques dans les parois secondaires des cellules des tiges au phase de reproduction. Un ensemble de 265 diverses lignées de blé fut évalué pour caractériser la variation naturelle de la teneur en cellulose. Ces différences furent ensuite comparées avec des données de génotypage de polymorphismes mononucléotidiques par biais d'une étude d'association pangénomique. Cette analyse mena à l'identification de nouveaux gènes (β-tubulin et glycosyl transférase UDP) associés avec la biosynthèse de la cellulose dans le blé. Des gènes du blé similaires à ceux de la cellulose, Cellulose synthase-like (Csl), furent aussi explorés. Ceux-ci ont déjà été reconnus pour leur rôle dans la régulation et la synthèse des hémicelluloses tels que le l'hétéromannane, le xyloglucane, les hétéroxylanes, et les glucanes à liaisons mixtes. Un total de 108 gènes de Csl fut identifié grâce aux domaines Pfam conservés spécifiques à cette famille, et la phylogénie et l'expression au niveau des tissus de ceux-ci furent ensuit analysées. L'analyse en profondeur de l'architecture génétique de la biosynthèse de la cellulose et de l'hémicellulose offre un atout précieux pour l'amélioration végétale et les modifications génétiques des variétés de blé en but d'obtenir une production de biomasse désirable tout en conservant une résistance suffisante envers de divers stresses
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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