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Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Risk Patterns for Suicide in Greenland:A systematic approach based on registers and existing knowledge
Get PDFIntroduktionI løbet af det sidste århundrede har Grønland oplevet en betydelig ændring i selvmordsraterne. Oprindeligt, fra 1901 til 1960, var selvmord en sjælden begivenhed med en selvmordsrate på mellem 0 og 3,5 selvmord per 100.000 personer årligt. Imidlertid skete der en dramatisk ændring efter intensive moderniseringsprocesser i 1950’erne og 1960’erne. Selvmordsraten steg markant og stabiliserede sig på et vedvarende højt niveau fra 1980 og fremefter, med et gennemsnit på 96 selvmord per 100.000 personer årligt. I modsætning til selvmordstendenser i mange vestlige lande er det de unge, der dør af selvmord, hvilket bidrager til en forventet levealder der er 10 år lavere end i Danmark. Arktiske indfødte befolkninger oplever generelt høje selvmordsrater. Disse høje rater er relateret til sociale konsekvenser forårsaget af koloniseringen, og de kulturelle og samfundsmæssige omvæltninger der opstod i den postkoloniale periode.Formål Det overordnede formål med denne afhandling er at identificere og undersøge relevante risikofaktorer og beskyttende faktorer for selvmord og relateret adfærd blandt grønlandske Inuit ved hjælp af nationale registre og en systematisk gennemgang af den videnskabelige litteratur. De specifikke mål var som følger:- At generere et omfattende overblik over risikofaktorer og beskyttelsesfaktorer for selvmord og selvmordsadfærd i Grønland baseret på offentliggjorte peer-review-artikler (Artikel I).- At definere selvmordsrater i Grønland efter alder, fødselskohorte, periode, køn og bopælssted fra 1970 til 2018 (Artikel II).- Derudover at undersøge sammenhængen mellem køn og selvmordsmetode over tid (Artikel II).- At undersøge, hvordan selvmordsrelateret tab af et nærtstående familiemedlem i barndommen er forbundet med senere selvmordsforekomst (Artikel III).MetodeArtikel I var en systematisk gennemgang, der inkluderede al peer-reviewed litteratur om risikofaktorer og beskyttende faktorer for selvmord og selvmordsadfærd blandt grønlandske inuit. Alle typer af studiedesigns var relevante for inklusion. Baseret på søgninger i PubMed og PsycINFO blev 420 peer-review-artikler identificeret og gennemgået af mindst to forfattere, hvilket resulterede i inklusionen af 15 artikler til den narrative syntese. På grund af en høj grad af heterogenitet blev der ikke udført en metaanalyse. Alle inkluderede artikler blev kvalitetsvurderet. Artikler II og III var landsdækkende studier baseret på registerdata fra det centrale befolkningsregister og dødsårsagsregistret. Artikel II inkluderede også nationale folketællingsdata fra 1970 og 1976. Begge studiepopulationer var grønlandske Inuit, og artikel II inkluderede 2.265.676 personår fra 1970 til 2018, mens artikel III inkluderede 25.663 personer født i Grønland mellem 1983 og 2012. Artikel II analyserede selvmord efter køn, alder, fødselskohorte, kalendertid, bopælsregion og selvmordsmetode, og artikel III analyserede selvmordsforekomst i forhold til tab af et nærtstående familiemedlem før 10-årsalderen. Analyserne i begge studier var baseret på Poisson-regression.ResultaterDen gennemsnitlige selvmordsrate fra 1970 til 2018 var 86 selvmord per 100.000 personer årligt. De fleste selvmord ses blandt unge mennesker i alderen 15-24 år, og der er en geografisk skæv fordeling af selvmord med de højeste rater i Østgrønland. De høje selvmordsrater blandt grønlandske Inuit er forbundet med en kolonial fortid, hurtig modernisering og samfundsmæssige omvæltninger, hvilket resulterer i intergenerationelle traumer og høje forekomster af svære opvækstvilkår (adverse childhood experiences, ACEs). Risikofaktorer for selvmord er overrepræsenteret blandt personer med lav social status og begrænset adgang til beskæftigelsesmuligheder, uddannelse og andre levevilkår, der er afgørende for trivsel. Risikofaktorer grupperer sig ofte hos individet og i familier og er relateret til et dysfunktionelt familiemiljø, alkoholproblemer og svære opvækstvilkår. Den systematiske gennemgang viste, at der er begrænset viden om beskyttende faktorer i grønlandsk forskning om selvmord, men blandt mænd er ægteskab og børn beskyttende faktorer. Andre beskyttelsesfaktorer inkluderer at være født i generationerne mellem 1900 og 1950 og have mange forbrugsgoder i husstanden som et mål for velstand. At miste et nærtstående familiemedlem i barndommen øger selvmordsincidensen når man sammenligner med dem, der ikke har oplevet nogen tab, og stigningen er højest i tilfælde, hvor en person har mistet sin mor til selvmord.KonklusionResultaterne fra denne afhandling har vist kompleksiteten af risikofaktorer og beskyttelsesfaktorer ved selvmord blandt grønlandske Inuit, men de sætter også begyndelsen og katalysatoren for disse i en historisk sammenhæng. Selvmordsrisiko er forbundet med socioøkonomisk status og adgang til ressourcer og bedre levevilkår, og jeg argumenterer for, at der er en syndemisk effekt. Den høje forekomst af risikofaktorer i det grønlandske samfund er en del af forklaringen på de høje rater, og disse risikofaktorer synes at samle sig i mange tilfælde. At tackle social og geografisk ulighed er vigtigt, og fremtidig forskning og forebyggelse bør fokusere på at fremme beskyttende faktorer såsom kulturelle styrker og trivsel i lokalsamfundet.IntroductionOver the past century, Greenland has witnessed a significant transformation in its suicide rates. Initially, from 1901 to 1960, suicide was a rare occurrence, with rates ranging from 0 to 3.5 suicides per 100,000 people annually. However, a seismic shift occurred after intensive modernization efforts in the 1950s and 1960s. The suicide rate surged dramatically, stabilizing at a persistently high level from 1980 onward, with an average of 96 suicides per 100,000 people annually. Contrary to suicide trends in many Western countries, it is the youth who die by suicide, contributing to a life expectancy that is ten years lower than in Denmark. Arctic Indigenous populations, in general, experience high rates of suicide. These high rates are related to social disruption caused by colonization and rapid cultural and societal changes.AimThe overall aim of this thesis is to identify and investigate relevant risk factors and protective factors for suicide and related behaviors among Greenland Inuit using national registers and a systematic review of the scientific literature. The specific aims are:- To generate a comprehensive overview of risk factors and protective factors for suicide and suicidal behavior in Greenland based on published peer-review papers (Paper I).- To define suicide rates in Greenland according to age, birth cohort, period, sex, and place of residence from 1970 until 2018 (Paper II).- To investigate the association between sex and suicide methods over time (Paper II).- To investigate how suicide-related loss of a close family member in childhood is associated with later suicide incidence (Paper III).MethodsPaper I was a systematic review including all peer-reviewed literature on risk factors and protective factors for suicide and suicidal behavior among Greenland Inuit. No restrictions were made on eligible study designs. Based on searches in PubMed and PsycINFO, 420 peer-reviewed papers were identified and reviewed by at least two authors, resulting in the inclusion of 15 papers for the narrative synthesis. Due to a high degree of heterogeneity, no meta-analyses were conducted. All included papers were quality assessed. Papers II and III were nationwide studies based on register data from the central population register and the register of causes of death. Paper II further included national census data from 1970 and 1976. Both study populations were Greenland Inuit, and paper II included 2,265,676 person-years from 1970 until 2018, while paper III included 25,663 people born in Greenland between 1983 and 2012. Paper II analyzed suicide according to sex, age, birth cohort, calendar time, region of residence, and suicide method. Paper III analyzed suicide incidence according to the loss of a close family member before the age of 10 years. Analyses in both studies were based on Poisson regressionResults The average suicide rate from 1970 to 2018 was 86 suicides per 100,000 people annually. Most suicides were seen in young people aged 15-24 years, and there was a geographical clustering of suicide with the highest rates in East Greenland. The high rates of suicide among Greenland Inuit are associated with its colonial past, rapid modernization, and societal disruption resulting in intergenerational trauma and high prevalences of ACEs. Risk factors for suicide cluster among people with lower social status and limited access to occupational opportunities, education, and other living conditions that are key determinants of well-being. Risk factors that often co-exist are related to dysfunctional families, problems with alcohol consumption, and the prevalence of ACEs. The systematic review uncovered that little is known about protective factors in Greenlandic research about suicide, but among men, being married and having children was protective. Other protective factors are being born in generations between 1900 and 1950 and having many household assets. Losing a close family member during childhood increases the suicide incidence rate ratio compared to those who did not experience any loss, and the increase is highest in cases where an individual lost a mother to suicide.ConclusionThis thesis has elucidated the complexity of risk and protective factors associated with suicide among the Greenland Inuit, while also contextualizing the emergence and acceleration of these factors within a historical framework. Suicide risk is associated with socioeconomic status, access to resources, and better living conditions, and I argue that there is a syndemic effect. The high prevalence of risk factors in Greenlandic society partly explains the high rates, and these risk factors often cluster. Addressing social and geographical inequality is essential, and future research and prevention should focus on promoting protective factors such as cultural strengths and thriving communities.<br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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