324,057 research outputs found
Surinder S. Jodhka*, Caste / Kast Sistemi
No full textBu kitap kast sisteminin daha iyi anlaşılmasında önemli bir role sahiptir. Yazar
kast sitemini anlaşılır kılmak temel sorular ile başlar. Neden kast sisteminden
bahsetmeliyiz? Yirmi birinci yüzyılda kast sisteminden nasıl bahsedilir? Bu
sorular detaylı cevaplar ile donatılmaktadır. Kast sisteminin günümüzdeki gerçekliğinin
kabul edilmesini vurgulayarak bu gerçeklikleri şöyle sıralamaktadır;
gelenek-görenek, adetler, din ve özellikle eşitsizlik
Von Antiökologen und Musterökologen: Optionen und Restriktionen des ökologischen Lebensmitteleinkaufs
No full textCeza hukukunda kast kavramı
No full textKast, hukuka aykırı fiilin gerçekleştirilmesi hakkında bilinçli irade demektir. Bilinç, yapılan fiilin ceza hukuku bakımından tipikliğinin bütün unsurlarını kapsamaktadır. Kural olarak ancak kasten işlenen fiiller ceza müeyyidesi altına alınabilir. Meğerki kanunda aksine bir düzenleme mevcut olsun; yani taksirle işlenen bir fiil ceza yaptırımı altına alınmış olsun. Kast tipikliğe ait objektif nitelikteki unsurların fiili işleyen kişi tarafından bilinmesi ve istenmesi olup, buna göre kastın unsurları bilme ve isteme olmaktadır. Kastın suçun icra hareketlerinin gerçekleştirildiği sırada bulunması gerekir. Bu nedenle hazırlık hareketleri aşamasındaki kast failin cezalandırılması için yeterli değildir. Çünkü hazırlık hareketleri aşamasındaki kast, icra hareketlerine başlanmadığı sürece failin cezalandırılmasına yol açamaz. Kastın varlığı için suçun kanuni tanımındaki unsurların sadece bilinmesi yeterli olmayıp, hareketten doğan neticenin de özgür bir iradeye dayanarak istenmesi gerekmektedir. Esas maksat dışındaki ikincil (tali) derecedeki neticelerin birbiri ardına gerçekleşmesi ya da biri yerine diğerinin gerçekleşmesi yönünden fail tarafından ayırım yapılmamışsa irade neticenin tamamını içerdiğinden fail bu tarz ikinci derecedeki neticelerden doğrudan doğruya sorumlu olup, eylemini doğrudan kast ile gerçekleştirdiği kabul edilecektir. Failin hareketinin sonucunda esas netice dışında suç oluşturan ikincil (tali) nitelikte neticelerin meydana gelmesi ihtimal dâhilinde ise, fail bunu öngörmesine rağmen neticeye ulaşmak için tali neticenin gerçekleşme olasılığını umursamadan veya göze olarak ya da kabullenerek eylemi gerçekleştirmesi halinde olası kast ile hareket ettiği kabul edilecektir. Ancak fail ihtimal dâhilinde olan neticeleri öngördüğü halde, gerçekleşmeyeceği konusunda kesin bir inançla hareket etmiş, istenmeyen neticenin gerçekleşmemesi için çaba göstermiş ise, failin kasten hareket ettiği kabul edilemez. Bu durumda bilinçli taksirin varlığından söz edilir.Intent can be defined as conscious volition to commit a wrongful act. Consciousness comprises all the elements typical of an offense in terms of Criminal Law. As a matter of rule, only the acts committed intentionally may be subject to punishment unless there exists a contrary arrangement in the Law that requires a penalty for a faulty act. Intent is a remeditated act where the perpatrator of the offense wants and acknowledges the objective elements typical of a crime, thus acknowledgement and will being the major elements of intent. Intent should be present while executing an act. Therefore, intent present while preparing for the act will not be suficient enough to punish the perpetrator of the crime since the intent during the preparation for the act can not lead to the punishment of the perpetrator unless the perpetrator starts executing that act. For the intent to be present, knowing the elements of crime defined in the Law is not sufficient, rather the consequence resulting from this act should be wanted by the perpetrator with his own free will. If a distinction has not been made between the realization of secondary consequences successively except for the primary aim or realization of one other than primary aim, the perpetrator will be directly responsible for such secondary consequences and will be deemed to have committed this act intentionally as free will fuly comprises the consequences. If a secondary type of a consequence that constitutes a crime,other than primary consequence, is likely to occur as a result of the perpetrator's act, and in case the perpetrator continues to commit his act in order to reach his aim while envisaging this but ignoring or venturing or assuming the possibility of realization of that secondary consequence, he will be deemed to have acted with probable intent. However, although the perpetrator has envisaged the possible consequences but has acted on certain convinction that these consequences shall not arise and also has shown effort to prevent the unwanted consequence, then he will not be deemed to have acted intentionally. In this case, the presence of a conscious negligence is in questio
Correction to: Use of oral contraceptives in BRCA mutation carriers and risk for ovarian and breast cancer: a systematic review
No full textRisk for breast and ovarian cancer modified by the use of oral contraceptives in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers
No full textDiffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Two problems in applying Ljung's 'projection algorithms' to the analysis of decentralized learning
No full textWe show that Ljung's projection algorthms, which we have recently been used by economists to establish convergence to rational expectations equilibrium, do not
seem to apply to learning or forecasting behavior that one would normally call
"decentralized." If the algorithm is defined in a way that allows individuals to have
differing information. then Ljung's theorem does not apply. And even if a similar
theorem could be proved that would allow for differing information, there remains
a Lyapunov-like condition that is central to Ljung's projection method and which
requires that individual beliefs be narrowly related to the equilibrium and to one
another.Publicad
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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