1,720,960 research outputs found
Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma: Trajectories of Depression
No full textFaculty Advisor: Canan KaratekinThis research was supported by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP).Johnston, Andrew; Karatekin, Canan; Brichetto, Devon; Steier, Caitlin; Palmer, Scott; Lynn, Anna. (2019). Lasting Effects of Childhood Trauma: Trajectories of Depression. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/203006
Data for Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Scoping Review of Measures and Methods
No full textThe file "List of full-text articles assessed for eligibility" is a spreadsheet of all the articles that were screened to determine whether they were eligible for the literature review. The file includes the decisions to include or exclude as well as reasons for inclusion. The file "Consensus codes on all articles" contains the consensus decisions on the set of variables included. The "Lit_reviewR" file contains the same data in a CSV format, and is read in to the R script used for data analysis, "Data analysis in R.R". The "Journals" file contains a list of all the journals the eligible articles were published in. We also uploaded the Method section of the paper, which is necessary for replicating the study. The study was conducted in Minnesota, and all co-authors are affiliated with the University of Minnesota.The items included in this depository are the materials needed to replicate the methodology and results of the scoping review of research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).NoneKaratekin, Canan; Mason, Susan; Riegelman, Amy; Bakker, Caitlin; Hunt, Shanda; Gresham, Bria; Corcoran, Frederique; Barnes, Andrew. (2022). Data for Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Scoping Review of Measures and Methods. Retrieved from the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota (DRUM), https://doi.org/10.13020/s2jm-1j25
Data and data analysis script supporting Is Fair Representation Good for Children? Effects of Electoral Partisan Bias in State Legislatures on Policies Affecting Children’s Health and Well-Being
No full textThe files include the "readme for the partisan bias study" text document that provides an overview of the study and details about the other two files, the Excel file that has all the raw data for the study (Partisan bias study data.xls) and the R script used to analyze the data (Partisan bias study R script).Increasing evidence suggests that state policies impact constituents' health, but political determinants of health and health inequities remain understudied. Using state and year fixed-effects models, we determined the extent to which changes in electoral partisan bias in lower chambers of U.S. state legislatures (i.e., discrepancy between statewide vote share and seat share) were followed by changes in five state policies affecting children and families (1980-2019) and a composite of safety net programs (1999-2018). We examined effects on each policy and whether the effect was modified when bias was accompanied by unified party control. Next, we determined whether the effect differed depending on which party it favored. Less bias resulted only in higher AFDC/TANF benefits. Both pro-Democratic and pro-Republican bias was followed by decreased AFDC/TANF benefits and increased Medicaid benefits. AFDC/TANF recipients, unemployment benefits, minimum wage, and pre-K-12 education spending increased following pro-Democratic bias and decreased following pro-Republican bias. Estimated effects on the composite measure of safety net policies were all close to null. Some effects were modulated by unified party control. Results demonstrate that increasing fairness in elections is not a panacea by itself for increasing generosity of programs affecting children’s well-being. Indeed, bias can be somewhat beneficial for the expansiveness of some policies. Furthermore, with the exception of unemployment benefits and AFDC/TANF recipients, Democrats have not been using the additional power that comes with electoral bias to spend more on major programs that benefit children. Finally, after decades in which electoral bias was in Democrats’ favor, bias has started to shift toward Republicans in the last decade. This trend forecasts more cuts in almost all the policies in this study, especially education and AFDC/TANF recipients. There is a need for more research and advocacy emphasis on the political determinants of social determinants of health, especially at the state level.NoneKaratekin, Canan; Mason, Susan M.; Latner, Michael; Gresham, Bria; Corcoran, Frederique; Hing, Anna; Barnes, Andrew J.. (2023). Data and data analysis script supporting Is Fair Representation Good for Children? Effects of Electoral Partisan Bias in State Legislatures on Policies Affecting Children’s Health and Well-Being. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/62rc-r153
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Comperative Analysisfor The Solution Of Led Fixtures’ Heating Problems Usingvarious Heatsink Fin Types
No full textTez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2015LED (Light Emitting Diode, Işık Yayan Diyot) armatürlerde karşılaşılan en önemli sorunlardan birisi ısınmadır. Bu sorunu gidermek için aktif ve pasif soğutma yöntemleri olsa da, maliyet ve verim göz önüne alındığında, en çok kullanılan yöntem alüminyum soğutuculardır. Armatürün ısı yayan arayüz (junction point) bir PCB’ye (Printed Circuit Board, baskılı devre levhası) bağlıdır. En genel haliyle, PCB’nin bir kısmı yada tümü, direk yada dolaylı yoldan bir soğutucuya bağlanır ve kondüksiyon (iletim) yolu ile ısı bu soğutucuya iletilir. Sonrasında, bu ısı, çevredeki havaya iletilir ve bu yolla cihazın üstündeki ısı düşer. Soğutucularda yüzey alanını artırmak için en sık kullanılan yöntem kanatçık kullanmaktır. Kanatçık kullanmak hem soğutucunun kütlesini azaltır, hem de ısı transferini sağlayan yüzey alanını artırır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle iğne ve plaka kanatçıklar incelenmiştir. 35 mm yükseklikte 2 mm’e 2 mm taban ayrıtına sahip iğne kanatçıklar ile, 35 mm yükseklikte 2 mm genişlikte ve 55 mm uzunlukta plaka kanatçıklar karşılaştırılmış ve iğne kanatçıkların eşit yüzey alanında çok daha iyi soğutma sağladıkları gözlemlenmiştir. Bundan sonra, iğne kanatçıklar üzerine yoğunlaşılmış ve farklı boyutlardaki iğne kanatların sonuçları karşılaştırılmıştır. Burada kullanılan değişkenler; kanatçık yüksekliği ve taban ayrıt genişliği olmuştur. 25 mm, 35mm ve 45 mm’lik kanatçık yükseklikleri ve 2 mm, 2,5 mm ve 3 mm taban ayrıtı genişlikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Her bir durumda, farklı kanatçık sayıları ile bir örnek grubu üzerinde simülasyonlar yapılmış, ve her bir grupta en düşük Tmax(en yüksek arayüz sıcaklığı) değerini veren kanatçık sayısı optimum kabul edilip diğer durumlardaki optimumlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırılmalar sonucunda, taban ayrıt genişlikleri sabit iken, kanatçık yüksekliği değişse de aynı kanat sayısında optimum’a ulaşılmıştır. Buna karşın, kanatçık yüksekliği sabit iken, taban ayrıt genişliği değişse de optimum değerlerin yüzey alanları ve ölçülen Tmax değerleri birbirine çok yakın çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, armatür çizimleri Solidworks programı kullanılarak çizilmiş ve simülasyonlar ise, aynı programın Flow Simulation modülü ile çözümlenmiştir. Kullanılan armatür tasarımı, basit, sade ve her LED armatürde bulunması gereken temel karakteristiklere sahip olarak tasarım edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan LED, Cree’nin CXA2011 modelidir. Metal Çekirdek Baskılı PCB kullanılmıştır.Armatürün dış yüzeyi olarak soğutucu tabanı olarak da kullanılacak alüminyum malzeme kullanılmıştır. Isıl simülasyona bir etkisi olmayacağından herhangi bir reflektör eklenmemiştir. Armatürün alt kısmı cam ile kapatılmıştır.Since the introduction of incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison, new and better methods of electric lighting is being researched through out our planet. Fluorescent lambs and LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) greatly increased the efficiency of electric lighting. However, the ever-increasing efficiency of LEDs are dependent on two key parameters: better semiconductors and junction point temperature. Both have been the topic of many studies and this study focuses on the latter. As the junction point temperature rises, the lumen output of the fixture decreases and its lifespan declines. To counter this effect, active and passive cooling methods can be used. Active methods such as forced air cooling is an expensive method used only for special circumstances. Most of the time, passive cooling via aluminium heatsink is preferred. Aluminium heatsink is connected with the PCB (Printed Circuit Board) which draws heat from the LED’s junction point. The heat is transferred by conduction to the heatsink and dissipated to air. Various heatsink fins can be used for cooling of LEDs. There are many parameters that a manufacturer should take into considiration, such as the type of the fins, height, width and concentration of the fins and so on. So, this study tries to focus on those variables. For this task, SOLIDWORKS program has been used to create a basic LED fixture. SOLIDWORKS is a CAD program that have many add on tools, such as Flow Simulator. The LED fixture designed for this study includes the most essential parts of a fixture: A PCB (a metal core printed PCB is chosen from CREE labs), a 2.5 mm thick metal housing for the outer parts of the fixture which also functions as the base of the heatsink, a glass cover and of course a LED lamb. In this study Cree’s XLAMP CXA 2011 model LED lamb is used. The reasons for this choice are that CXA 2011 is a preferred product for singular power LEDs and its ease of heat design. For this design, a metal core printed PCB is chosen from CREE labs. This particular PCB consists of 1.59 mm aluminium at the top, followed by 0.1 mm FR4, and 0.07 mm copper plate at the bottom which is connected with the LED. Electrical connections are ignored for the sake of simpler simulation and thermal calculations in Flow Simulator. In SOLIDWORKS, each material is predefined. The aluminium used for the heatsink and exterior metal housing is called 5032-H32. Copper, glass and FR4 are also defined in the SOLIDWORKS library. The Flow Simulation Wizard allows user to determine the conditions of each simulation. From this Wizard, the SI unit system, exterior analsys of the model, heat transfer in solids, the starting model and room temperature and air, as the default fluid is selected. After that point, each solid is defined by the Flow Simulator. Then the goal parameters are defined. For this study, Tmax(maximum junction point temperature) and Tmin(minimum junction point temperature) in the solid model are selected as goals. The Simulator begins calculating the variables and after each iteration converges to a value. When this value becomes constant after many iterations, the simulator stops and provides the user with results. In this study, a two way approach has been used. First, plate and pin fin heatsinks are compared. For this, an array of pin and plate fins are mounted on top of the base of the heatsink. For the plate fins, aluminium sheets of 55 mm lenght, 2 mm width and 35 mm height are used. For pin fins, aluminium pins with 2 mm base lenght and 35 mm height are used. 12 sets of simulations for each type of fins have been run on Flow Simulation. For the plate fins, arrays of 4 to 15 plates are used, while for the pin fins, arrays of 16 (4*4) to 225 (15*15) pins are used. Using the same room temperature (25 °C) and same fixture, each one has been compared for Tmax and Tmin.The results clearly showed that pin fins function better than plate fins. For the same effective surface area, pin fins provided a better cooling than plate fins. And generally, pin fins recorded lower temperatures than plate fins. It has also been monitored that, as the number of fins increase, the gap between the fins decline and junction temperatures increase. The reason of this, is the air flow between the fins slows down as the gap between fins decrease. So, there is an optimum number of fins a fixture should possess. This way, the first part of the study concludes; pin fins are more efficient that plate fins. The second part of the study, therefore, focuses on pin fins and their optimization. In this part, three parameters are taken into account: pin height, pin width and the number of pins. For pin height, 3 variables have been used: 25 mm, 35 mm and 45 mm. For pin width, also 3 variables have been used: 2 mm * 2 mm, 2.5 mm * 2.5 mm and 3 mm * 3 mm. In the previous simulations, for considering the number of pins, 12 sets of simulations were run. However, it has been observed that some of these are unnecessary, as too few fins result in very high temperatures and useless in forming a meaningful coraletion. The usage of too many fins also result in very high temperatures, as the gap between fins decrease to a point where the air flow slows so that even with increased effective surface area of aluminium heatsink, the dissipated heat decreases. So, instead of 12 sets of simulations, 2 of each extremities are omitted and 8 sets of simulations are run via Flow Simulation to determine the optimum junction temperatures of pin fins. 9 sets, each containing 8, of simulations are run for this part of the study. For each of these sets, an optimal value for number of fins are found. When the results are compared, a few considirations that a LED fixture designer could use have been harnessed. First, the optimum value has been achieved at the same number of fins when base pin width is constant, even if the height of the pin varies. This means that for a given pin width, there is an optimum number of pins a designer should use, regardless of the height of the pins. Second, the optimum value has been achieved at very similar Tmax values when the height of the pins are constant, even if the base width varies. This means that for a given pin height, a designer can achieve a fixed Tmax value, regardless of the width of the pins. And lastly, the optimum value has been achieved at very similar effective surface areas when the height of the pins are constant, even if the base width varies. This means that for a given pin height, a designer should not exceed a given effective surface area.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
Minimization Of Voltage Deviation, Power Losses And Cost By Using Tap Changers And Distributed Generators In Electrical Distribution Systems
No full textTez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2016Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte artan enerji tüketimi elektrik şebekelerinin yenilenmesi ihtiyacını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Artan ihtiyacı karşılamak için akıllı şebekeler konusu gündeme gelmiştir. Bu tezde akıllı şebekeler konusunun bir parçası olan dağıtım sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Dağıtım şebekelerinde yapılan değişiklikler neticesinde karşılaşılabilecek problemlerden bahsedilmiş bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar aktarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan çok amaçlı eniyileme probleminde amaç fonksiyonları: 1) Gerilim profilinin düzeltilmesi, 2) Güç kayıplarının azaltılması, 3) Maliyetin azaltılmasıdır. Bu amaçları gerçekleştirmek için sistem üzerinde değişiklik yapmadan önce şebekedeki baraların gerilim profilleri ve kayıp değerleri incelenmiştir. Baraların gerilim profillerini ve kayıp değerlerini elde edebilmek için otuzüç baralı bir radyal dağıtım sisteminin saatlik yük akış analizi yapılmıştır. Gerilimin 1 pu değerinden uzaklaştığı baralarda gerilimi yükseltmek için, uygun bulunan baralara dağıtık üretim kaynağı ve kademe değiştirici eklenerek gerilim profili düzeltilmiştir, kayıplar ve maliyet azaltılmıştır. İlk olarak hem dağıtık üretim kaynağının hem de kademe değiştiricinin olmadığı durumda yük akış analizi yapılmış, her saat için her baradaki gerilim değeri, gerilim profili, toplam güç kaybı, ve güç profili bulunmuştur. Elde edilen gerilim profili incelenerek, hangi saatte hangi barada en fazla gerilim dalgalanması olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar göz önünde bulundurularak, 3 farklı durum için benzetim yapılmıştır. Uygun bulunan baralara gerilim profilini düzeltmek ve güç kaybını azaltmak için ilk olarak sadece kademe değiştirici ikinci olarak sadece dağıtık üretim kaynağı ve üçüncü olarak hem dağıtık üretim kaynağı hem de kademe değiştirici eklenmiştir. Eklenen kademe değiştirinin değeri ve dağıtık üretim kaynağının aktif ve reaktif güç çıkışları eniyileştirilmiştir. İkinci durumda eklenen dağıtık üretim kaynağının aktif gücü 200kW olduğu durumlarda en uygun olan reaktif güç değerleri MATLAB’da NSGA II yazılımı kullanılarak bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, birinci durumda sadece kademe değiştirici eklenmiş, en uygun kademe değiştirici değeri MATLAB’da NSGA II yazılımı kullanılarak bulunmuştur. Üçüncü olarak hem dağıtık üretim kaynağı hem de kademe değiştirici eklenmiş, dağıtık üretim kaynağının maliyeti minimize eden aktif güç değeri, dağıtık üretim kaynağının reaktif güç değeri aynı zamanda en uygun kademe değiştirici değeri yine MATLAB’da NSGA II yazılımı kullanılarak bulunmuştur. Üçüncü durumda sisteme eklenen dağıtık üretim kaynaklarının belirlenen aktif ve reaktif güç değerleri ile sisteme eklenen kademe değiştiricilerin kademe değerleri kullanılarak yük akış analizi yapılmış, sonuçta gerilim profilinin düzeldiği ve güç kaybının azaldığı görülmüştür. Bütün durumlar için, eniyileme sonucunda bulunan değerler kullanılarak yük akış analizi yapılmıştır. Sistem değiştirildikten sonra gerilim profilinin düzenlendiği, güç kayıplarının ve maliyetin azaldığı görülmüştür. Benzetim sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, daha iyi gerilim profilinin, daha az güç kaybının sadece gerilim regülatörü eklendiği durumda olduğu görülmüştür. Uzun vadede durum incelendiğinde, yenilenebilir enerji kaynağının daha ekonomik ve çevreyi korumak için daha iyi olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları limitsizdir. Gerilim regülatörü ise mekanik bir ekipmandır ve uzun zaman kullanıldığında bozulabilir. Ayrıca gerilim regülatörü pahalıdır. Bu nedenlerden dolayı sisteme dağıtık üretim kaynağı eklemek daha avantajlıdır. Dağıtık üretim kaynağının sisteme eklenmesi, verimli olarak kullanılması, dağıtık üretim kaynağının aktif ve reaktif çıkışlarının optimize edilmesi, sistemde değişiklik yapılmasından sonra ortaya çıkabilecek problemler bu çalışmada açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, kademe değiştiricilerin sisteme eklenmesi, verimli olarak kullanılması, sistemde değişiklik yapılmasından sonra ortaya çıkabilecek problemler de bu çalışmada açıklanmıştır.With the development of technology energy consumption and power demand are increased. The need for innovation of the electricity network has occurred. Power distribution system is becoming a more complex task in power system engineering. Because of the increased necessity, title of smart grid came to the fore. In this thesis, distribution systems which is a part of smart grid, have been emphasized. The changes in the distribution systems and the problems which may occur has been mentioned. Studies on this subject have been transferred. One of the most important task in this manner is voltage regulation. Especially in residential areas loads in power distribution system is directly dependent on daily consumption of electrical power. Besides that the integration of distributed generation effects the voltage profile. It may cause several problems such as high voltage fluctuations, power losses need to be solved. To overcome this problems tap changers of voltage regulators are preffered. However, due to the mechanical constraints, the number of operations of tap changers is limited. The active and reactive power outputs of the distributed generators are used to reduce the voltage fluctuations and decrease the active power losses. A multiobjective optimization problem and pareto front are explained. Optimization solution methods are mentioned. In this study genetic algorithm technique and NSGA (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) II toolbox are used. To get voltage profile and power loss values, load flow simulation is runned. Forward and backward iteration methods are used to do load flow analysis. Objective function code is formed to solve multiobjective optimization problem. Objective function code includes load flow analysis code. Objective function contains the power flow code for IEEE 33 bus test system. In this study daily simulation is performed. Voltage values and power losses for each bus are found. After that buses which will include tap changer or distributed generator are determined. The boundary values for tap changer and distributed generator are writed manually. The boundary value for distributed generator is determined by using the voltage profile of IEEE 33 bus test system. All simulations are performed in Matlab. Daily load profiles of the buses are created by using hourly load data and the test system is modified to include several voltage regulators and DGs. The multiobjective optimization model is solved with hourly intervals. The numerical simulations are performed by using the NSGA II toolbox. This study solves a daily multiobjective optimization model. The objective functions which are used in this study: 1) Regulation of the voltage profile, 2) Minimization of the active power losses, 3) Minimization of the cost. To realize these objectives first of all, voltage profiles and active power losses are obtained for 33 bus test system. To get voltage profile and power loss profile of buses load flow simulation is runned for 33 bus radial distribution system. To close the voltage value to 1 pu, tap changers and distributed generators are added to the system. Thus voltage is regulated, power loss and cost is minimized. Firstly, load flow simulation has been done for distribution systems to determine the buses which have maximum voltage drop. For each hour, voltage profile for each bus, total power loss, and power profile have been found. By using the voltage profile, maximum voltage drop for which hour in which bus , has been investigated. Three different cases were simulated: initially taps of voltage regulators were taken into consideration, then reactive power outputs of DGs were adjusted, and finally, both tap positions of the voltage regulators and active and reactive power outputs of DGs were optimized. In order to regulate voltage profile for buses, and decrease lost power firstly only tap changers, secondly only distributed generators and thirdly, both distributed generators and tap changers are added. In case 2, for the added distributed generators which has 200kW active power, suitable reactive power value has been found by using MATLAB-NSGA II. In a similar way, in case 1 only tap changers are added and suitable values has been found by using MATLAB-NSGA II. In case 3 both distributed generators and tap changers have been added and active power value which minimize cost of distributed generators , reactive power value for distributed generators, an also appropriate values for tap changers have been found by using MATLAB-NSGA II. In case 3 by using the found values for distributed generators and tap changers, load flow simulation is runned. It is seen that voltage profile is regulated and power losses is minimized. For all cases, values which are found after the optimization is used for load flow simulation. And it is seen that after the modificication of the system voltage profile is regulated, power loss is minimized and cost is minimized. When the simulation results are compared, results show that better voltage profiles with less power losses and costs might be obtained by adding the voltage regulators. In long term adding renewable energy source is economical and it is better for environment. Additionally, renewable source is limitless. Voltage regulator is mechanical device and in long term it may break down. Moreover, voltage regulator is expensive. Because of these reasons adding distributed generator to the electrical distribution systems is desired. Adding the distributed generator to the electrical power system, using distributed generator efficiently, optimizing the distributed generator active and reactive power output, the problems which may occure after the modification are explained in this study. Additionally, adding the tap changer to the electrical power system, using tap changer efficiently, optimizing the tap changer, the problems which may occure after the modification are explained.Yüksek LisansM.Sc
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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