1,720,965 research outputs found
Understanding drivers of human tolerance to gray wolves and brown bears as a strategy to improve landholder–carnivore coexistence
Get PDFDespite recent recovery of large carnivores throughout Europe such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the gray wolf (Canis lupus), some of their populations are still threatened and their viability depends on human tolerance to share mixed landscapes. We investigated the drivers of landholders' tolerance in Abruzzo (Italy), a region with a long history of cohabitation, by applying the Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) (Kansky et al., 2016,Biological Conservation,201, 137-145). Using structural equation modeling we assessed relationships between WTM variables. This framework hypothesizes that exposure to a species and experiences with a species drive perceptions of benefits and costs, and ultimately tolerance. We then sought to understand similarities and differences in tolerance drivers between the two species and across two areas that differed in the duration of human-carnivore cohabitation. Results showed both similarities and differences in drivers between species and areas, resulting in seven management proposals to foster tolerance. Increasing intangible benefits and positive experiences were two strategies that were similar for both species and areas, while five strategies differed across species and areas. Our methodological approach can be applied in other landscapes with other species to determine the extent to which multispecies management across landscapes is possible
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Towards understanding tolerance to damage causing mammalian wildlife
Get PDFThesis (PhDConsEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human Wildlife Conflict (HWC) is increasing globally and has been recognized as a
major priority by most conservation organizations. This is due to the impacts that both
wildlife and stakeholders can have on each other leading to a loss of support for
conservation in general. Understanding the drivers of these impacts is therefore
critical to mitigating the impacts. While the main focus of research in HWC has been
finding technological solutions to mitigating the tangible impacts of wildlife for
humans so as to increase tolerance of stakeholders towards wildlife, recent findings
have pointed to the fact that this approach may be an oversimplification of the
problem. A number of qualitative reviews and theoretical models have therefore
emerged proposing a wide range of factors that may be important and emphasize the
more complex nature of HWC. These models however are not based on quantitative
synthesis of the research on this topic and there are no widely accepted models being
used. Therefore a primary aim of this project was to develop a tolerance to wildlife
damage model that was based on a quantitative synthesis of the body of research that
has investigated attitudes to damage causing mammalian wildlife. A second aim was
to test the emergent model using a case study of urban baboon–human conflict on the
Cape Peninsula of South Africa. Key findings from the meta-analyses were that
contrary to conventional wisdom, damage is not always the most important driver of
tolerance as it interacted with taxonomic group and stakeholder type in complex
ways. For example, tolerance of ungulates and primates was proportional to the
probability of experiencing damage while elephants elicited tolerance levels higher
than anticipated and carnivores elicited tolerance levels lower than anticipated. A
second meta-analysis aimed to determine if common patterns of variables explaining
tolerant attitudes were present across a wide range of species, stakeholders and
contexts. Results showed that the majority of publications measured variables with a
low likelihood of explaining drivers of attitudes or did not quantify variables of
generally high utility. A synthesis of the most important factors emerging from these
meta-analyses together with additional constructs and theories from other disciplines
relevant for addressing the complexity inherent in HWC was undertaken and the
Wildlife Tolerance Model (WTM) proposed. The WTM hypothesizes that the net outcome of the extent to which a person is exposed to a species as well as the types of
meaningful events (positive or negative) determine perceptions of the costs relative to
benefits of living with a species. This in turn determines tolerance. A second
component predicts 11 inner model variables that may further drive perceptions of
costs and benefits. Results from the case study showed support for the WTM where
both outer and inner model variables were found to be important drivers of tolerance.
A key conclusion is that although synthesis of research and theory development is
time consuming and costly, theory development and testing is critical to achieve long
term efficiency in conservation management because failure to target interventions at
the most important drivers will be costly, both financially and in biodiversity loss.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mens en wild konflik (MWK) is wêreldwyd aan die toeneem en word deur meeste
bewaringorganisasies as ‘n prioriteit gesien. Dit is te wyte aan die impakte wat beide
wild en belanghebbendes op mekaar kan hê, wat op sy beurt kan lei tot ‘n algehele
vermindering in die ondersteuning ten gunste van bewaring. Dit is dus kardinaal om
die drywers van sulke impakte te verstaan om sodoende die vermindering van hierdie
impakte te bewerkstellig. Studies wat MWK in die verlede bestudeer het, was veral
gefokus daarop om tegnologiese oplossings te vind om die tasbare impak van wild op
mense te verlig en sodoende, die verdraagsaamheid van mense teenoor hierdié wild te
verhoog. Onlangse navorsing dui egter daarop dat hierdie benadering moontlik die
probleem eenvoudiger laat lyk as wat dit werklik is. Dit het gelei tot die ontwikkeling
van verskeie kwalitatiewe oorsigte asook teoretiese modelle wat ‘n verskeidenheid
faktore uitlig en gevolglik die komplekse aard van MWK beklemtoon. Hierdie
teoretiese modelle is egter nie gebasseer op die kwantitatiewe sintese van hierdie
onderwerp nie en daar is ook geen algeheel aanvaarde modelle om te gebruik nie. ‘n
Primêre doel van hierdie studie was dus die ontwikkeling van ‘n model wat die
toleransie teen die skade wat wilde soogdiere aanrig, aandui. Hierdié model is
gebasseer op ‘n kwantitatiewe sintese van die beskikbare literatuur wat die houdings
van mense teenoor wild, wat skade veroorsaak, ondersoek het. ‘n Tweede doel van die
studie was die toetsing van hierdie opkomende model. Dit is gedoen deur gebruik te
maak van ‘n gevallestudie wat handel oor die konflik tussen mens en bobbejaan in die
Kaapse Skiereiland van Suid-Afrika. Belangrike bevindinge van die meta-analise is
dat, in teenstelling met konvensionele wysheid, is skade nie altyd die belangrikste
drywer van verdraagsaamheid nie, aangesien dit met beide die taksonomiese groep
asook die tipe belanghebbendes, in komplekse interaksie verkeer. Die verdraagsaamheid van mense teenoor hoefdiere en primate was, byvoorbeeld,
eweredig gewees aan die waarskynlikheid dat hulle skade sou ervaar, terwyl olifante
‘n hoër vlak- en karnivore ‘n laer vlak van verdraagsaamheid ontlok het, as wat
verwag sou word. ‘n Tweede meta-analise het ondersoek of daar gemeenskaplike
patrone teenwoordig is wat mense se houdings van verdraagsaamheid oor ‘n wye
verskeidenheid van spesies, belanghebbendes en konteks kon verduidelik. Resultate
het getoon dat die meerderheid publikasies veranderlikes gemeet het met ‘n lae
waarskynlikheid om die drywers van houdings te verduidelik – of veranderlikes is gekwantifiseer wat nie algemeen nuttig was nie. ‘n Sintese van die belangrikste
faktore wat deur middel van die meta-analise geïdentifiseer is, asook bykomende
konstrukte en teorieë vanuit ander dissiplines (relevant tot die aanspreek van die
inherente kompleksiteit van MWK) is onderneem en daardeur is die Wilde diere
Verdraagsaamheid Model (WVM) voorgestel. Die WVM hipotiseer dat die netto
uitkoms van die mate waarin ‘n persoon blootgestel is aan ‘n spesie, asook die tipes
betekenisvolle gebeure (positief of negatief) bepaal die persepsies van ‘n persoon ten
opsigte van die nadele relatief tot die voordele, wat geassosieer kan word deur met ‘n
spesie in samesyn te lewe. Bogenoemde bepaal dan die algehele evaluering van
saamleef met spesies en uiteindelik ook verdraagsaamheid. ‘n Tweede komponent van
hierdie model voorspel 11 innerlike model veranderlikes wat persepsies van voor- en
nadele verder kan dryf. Resultate van die gevallestudie het ter ondersteuning van die
WVM model beide innerlike en uiterlike veranderlikes getoon, waar albei
veranderlikes belangrike drywers van verdraagsaamheid was. ‘n Belangrike bevinding
is dat, alhoewel navorsingsinteses en teorie-ontwikkeling tydrowend en duur is, is
teorie-ontwikkeling en toetsing van kritieke belang om langtermyn doeltreffendheid
in bewaringsbesuur te verseker, want as ingrypings wat fokus op die belangrikste
drywers misluk, gaan dit nie net duur wees nie maar ook ‘n verlies aan biodiversiteit
tot gevolg hê.Doctora
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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