1,721,016 research outputs found
A STUDY ON CLIENT'S DECISION-MAKING IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE OF BUILDING PROJECTS IN JAPAN : Analysis on factors and influence of client's decision-making
No full textBuilding projects need many decision-making, and clients cooperate to decide with architects, supervisors, general contractors and other consultants in projects. Especially in Japan, because the project members trust each other and the ability of Japanese general contractors is excellent, clients often make a decision in construction phase. However, the laws in Japan don't define client's decision in construction phase clearly, and that often makes some kinds of risk (e.g., design change, delay of projects, and high cost). This paper aims to clarify factors and influence of client's decision-making in construction phase in Japan. There are three main laws related construction projects in Japan, Building Standards Act, Act on Architects and Building Engineers, and Construction Business Act. In addition, there are several standard specifications of construction work and standard forms of contract in Japan. These three laws and some standards define client's decision-making as follows. [1] if they find some mistakes in drawings in construction phase, clients must make architects correct it. [2] by agreement with the project member, clients can change drawings in construction phase. [3] if the design change affects structure, clients must perform structural calculation and obtain the application of building confirmation. [4] In case that it is reasonable to select in construction phase such as color, material and equipment, clients can select them in construction phase after clarifying in drawings. Therefore, we took the questionnaire about current status of client's decision-making involved in reinforcement work, steel work, exterior work, and equipment work. Questionnaire was an open-ended question method and composed of three questions as below. [1] what kind of client's decision-making is there? [2] what factors of decision-making are there? [3] what influence of decision-making is there? The sample was restricted to people in construction project and the respondents were belonged to clients, developers, architects, and general contractors. A total of 78 questionnaires were distributed by e-mail and 14 samples were collected. The results of survey revealed the difference of client's behavior between 4 works. In reinforcement work and steel work, clients do not decide and instruct the number of reinforcement and performance of a steel member directly. However, clients affect these works indirectly. In design phase, sometimes, clients do not decide certain use of space because they want to follow a trend or they have not decided tenant yet. In this case, clients decide these things in construction phase and that makes change the position of partition and piping sleeve in reinforcement work and steel work. In exterior work, it is reasonable to decide color and material of exterior in construction phase because clients cannot judge from only drawings whether the design is good. General contractors make mock-up for clients to check the design and clients decide or change the design detail directly. In equipment work, clients affect it in two ways. In case that it is reasonable to decide it in construction phase, clients decide the position, number, and performance of equipment directly. On other hand, in the case that clients decide use of space in construction phase, the use and size of the room determine the required position, number and performance of equipment. Finally, in order to analyze factors of client's decision-making, we applied the fishbone diagram analysis. Fishbone diagram is the tool for identifying the root causes of problem, which was “Client's decision-making in construction phase” in this paper. This diagram has 3 main causes (project member, building type, building element) and 42 secondary causes. In addition, it was modeled how client's decision-making in construction phase affects the post-process of four works
Technology Transfer Activities for Archrrects
Full text linkInternational Innovation Center (IIC) is the official bureau for technology transfer activities in Kyoto University. Since IIC was founded in 2001, IIC promoted various programs and events with industries and financial supporters. The way of technology transfer is not always same for every academic fields. From the view of an architect, the situation and condition of architectural engineering and construction industry seems different from other engineering such as nano-technology, bio-technology, and information technology. And some difficulties will take place as technology transfer activities go ahead. This column is the personal opinion of a research manager in IIC, based on his experience for 3 years in IIC
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DESCRIPTION METHOD FOR UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS IN CREATION PROCESS - A study of architecture creation from the viewpoints of users and creators to make clear the purpose of each architecture -
Full text linkThis paper makes a contribution to make clear characteristics of construction project, through the provision of a perspective from fundamental creation process, where principles of academic discussion. The elements of every aspect of architecture are complicated. There are many stakeholders involved in construction projects, such as clients, tenants, visitors, architects, structural designers and engineers, landscape architects, interior designers, electrical and mechanical engineers, and every role is intricate and complex. For example, an architect must understand (or even take on) the roles of the designer, engineer, coordinator, manager and negotiator, with the interfaces between each role being complex. Then, every project has different conditions, because each project has a different context, site, regulation and policy. At same time, it needs to be understood that the main function of each architecture type is completely different from others. To address this a generalized understanding of architecture design and associated processes is required, which may be applicable to other types of products and services. The fundamental design process that governs the development of products of all types is of course applicable to the disciplines of architecture and engineering. Principles of creation process apply to both complex products such as buildings and also mass-produced products such as automobiles or cameras. It is possible to understand that designers make some design-information to create all of products, and important to analyze these design-information to understand the characteristics of those products. By adopting a design-information view of industries, it is proposed that product structure may be a significant factor in determining the industrial sectors in which firms are more likely to exhibit competitive performance. The design-information view of industries considers a product as being design-information that is embodied in a particular medium or material. Products comprise physical components, functional elements and interfaces between interacting physical components. A productive resource is considered to be an information asset and the production process is regarded as a system of productive resources. Production or commercial manufacture is then considered as the repeated transfer of design-information from the production process to a material or medium. There is clearly a difference between mass produced products such as automobiles and large complex one-off projects relating to construction. However, the orientation that is based upon creation process can be seen in such complex product systems too, comparing for example a skyscraper and an automobile, with the design and coordination lead provided by architects for the former, and engineers for the later. This idea comes from the other academic fields originally, and can make clear the fundamental purpose of creation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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