1,720,976 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Εκπομπές και ατμοσφαιρικές αντιδράσεις οργανικών αερίων και σωματιδιακών ρύπων
No full textEvery day vast quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted in the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. These compounds are the ‘fuel’ that promotes atmospheric photochemistry influencing the quality of ambient air locally, regionally and globally. Some of these compounds are considered dangerous for human health while others affect the climate due to their ability to form particles when they are oxidized. In this study the organic emissions (gas and particulate) of several major sources of air pollution in Greece were characterized through laboratory experiments and field measurements. The emissions quantified included those from the burning of olive tree branches, from traffic, from biomass burning for residential heating, and from meat cooking. Our analysis indicates that the contribution of ‘traditional’ pollution sources such as transportation has decreased during the last two decades due to the control of their emissions and now other sources such as biomass burning or cooking are at least as important for organic pollutants in Greece.The burning of olive tree branches is a common agricultural waste management technique after the pruning of olive trees during the months November to February. It is estimated that there are 125 million olive trees in Greece and that 6500 tones of fine particles are released in the atmosphere during these months. This number is a lot higher than the annual emissions from all the passenger cars in Greece (150 tones). In this study, the aerosol composition and the emission factors for particulate matter (PM) and VOCs were measured. These emission factors should be included in the relevant data bases concerning atmospheric pollution in Europe and they should be used in future atmospheric simulations. The chemical composition of the particles emitted during our experiments was similar to that determined by the analysis of the aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements confirming that the burning of olive tree branches is an important source during the winter in Greece.The recent economic crisis in Greece had as a use of wood as fuel for residential heating. Measurements conducted in Athens during the winter of 2013 characterized the particulate and gas phase emissions from this practice. Aromatic VOCs such as benzene, toluene and the xylenes, were emitted from biomass burning in amounts similar to that from traffic. Moreover, several compounds that are associated mainly with biogenic sources, and are known to produce organic aerosol when oxidized, were also emitted. During summer, besides the emissions due to transportation in these urban environments, a large fraction of the VOCs was related to biogenic sources.Emissions for cooking can contribute up to 30% of the organic aerosol in urban environments. In this study the fraction of the organic aerosol and organic vapors due to the charbroiling of meat in major Greek cities was estimated. Smog chamber experiments were used to characterize the composition of the aerosol and the VOCs that are emitted. Additionally the atmospheric chemical evolution of these emissions was examined by exposing them to sunlight and the typical oxidants of the atmosphere. Ambient measurements conducted in Athens and Patras during summer and winter as well as in Patras during Fat Thursday showed that the AMS spectra are significantly similar to those of the smog chamber experiments. The freshly emitted particles correspond more to the ambient winter measurements while the aged particles to the ambient summer measurements. The emissions from meat cooking are a significant source of organic aerosol in Greek cities and their chemical evolution needs to be accounted during source apportionment.In the last phase of this work a new mobile dual smog chamber system was developed and tested. Our objective is to facilitate future source characterization and chemical aging studies moving the laboratory close to various pollution sources and certain environments that have been so far out of reach. The system was evaluated and was deployed in the field in order to assess its capabilities and limitations.Καθημερινά τεράστιες ποσότητες πτητικών οργανικών ενώσεων (volatile organic compounds ή VOCs) εκπέμπονται στην ατμόσφαιρα, τόσο από ανθρωπογενείς όσο και από φυσικές πηγές. Οι ενώσεις αυτές αποτελούν το ‘καύσιμο’ για την ατμοσφαιρική φωτοχημεία επηρεάζοντας τοπικά, περιφερειακά αλλά και παγκόσμια την ποιότητα της ατμόσφαιρας. Ορισμένες από τις ενώσεις αυτές θεωρούνται επικίνδυνες για την ανθρώπινη υγεία ενώ, αρκετές επηρεάζουν το κλίμα, είτε λόγω της δράσης τους ως αέρια του θερμοκηπίου, είτε λόγω της ικανότητάς τους να σχηματίζουν σωματίδια (αεροζόλ) όταν οξειδώνονται. Γι’ αυτό, η μελέτη των ατμοσφαιρικών συγκεντρώσεων των VOCs καθώς και η συσχέτισή τους με το οργανικό αεροζόλ της ατμόσφαιρας κρίνεται ιδιαίτερα σημαντική. Στην παρούσα εργασία επιχειρήθηκε ο χαρακτηρισμός των κυριότερων πηγών ατμοσφαιρικής ρύπανσης στον Ελλαδικό χώρο όσο αφορά τις οργανικές πτητικές ενώσεις και το οργανικό αεροζόλ μέσω εργαστηριακών πειραμάτων αλλά και μετρήσεων σε Ελληνικές πόλεις. Συγκεκριμένα εξετάστηκαν τα χαρακτηριστικά των εκπομπών για τις παραπάνω ενώσεις από την καύση ελαιοκλάδων, την κίνηση των αυτοκινήτων, την καύση βιομάζας για οικιακή θέρμανση, την προετοιμασία φαγητού κ.α. Τα σημαντικότερα ευρήματα εστιάζονται στην αλλαγή που έχει συμβεί στην σχετική σημασία των διαφόρων πηγών οργανικών ρύπων. Η συνεισφορά των κλασικών πηγών όπως τα μέσα μεταφοράς έχει ελαττωθεί λόγω του ελέγχου των εκπομπών τους και άλλες πηγές όπως η καύση βιομάζας και η προετοιμασία φαγητού έχουν έλθει στο προσκήνιο.Η καύση ελαικλάδων είναι μια κοινά χρησιμοποιούμενη μέθοδος για την απόρριψή τους μετά το κλάδεμα των ελαιόδεντρων κατά τους χειμερινούς μήνες από τον Νοέμβριο ως τον Φεβρουάριο. Στην Ελλάδα υπολογίζεται ότι υπάρχουν 125 εκατομμύρια ελαιόδεντρα ενώ η ποσότητα των λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων που απελευθερώνονται στην ατμόσφαιρα μέσα σε ένα διάστημα 3-4 μηνών εκτιμάται ότι αντιστοιχεί σε περίπου 6500 τόνους. Το ποσό αυτό είναι ιδιαίτερα υψηλό, ειδικά αν συγκριθεί με τις εκπομπές λεπτόκοκκων σωματιδίων (150 τόνοι τον χρόνο) από όλα τα επιβατικά αυτοκίνητα που υπάρχουν στην Ελλάδα. Στην παρούσα εργασία υπολογίστηκαν οι παράγοντες εκπομπής τόσο σε σωματίδια όσο και σε οργανικές πτητικές ενώσεις. Οι εκπομπές αυτές πρέπει να συμπεριληφθούν στις τράπεζες δεδομένων σχετικά με την ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση στην Ευρώπη και στις αντίστοιχες ατμοσφαιρικές προσομοιώσεις. Το φάσμα μάζας του AMS για τα εργαστηριακά πειράματα ήταν παρόμοιο με αυτό που προέκυψε από την ανάλυση των δεδομένων από τις ατμοσφαιρικές μετρήσεις, κάτι που δείχνει την σημασία της καύσης ελαιοκλάδων στην ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση της Ελλάδας για τους χειμερινούς μήνες.Η πρόσφατη οικονομική κρίση, είχε σαν συνέπεια την στροφή στην χρήση ξύλου για την οικιακή θέρμανση. Από τις μετρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στην Αθήνα κατά τον χειμώνα του 2013, ερευνήθηκαν οι εκπομπές τόσο σε σωματίδια όσο και σε VOCs. Αρωματικές οργανικές πτητικές ενώσεις, όπως το βενζόλιο, το τολουόλιο και τα ξυλόλια, εκπέμπονται από την καύση βιομάζας (30-50%) σε συγκρίσιμα ποσοστά σε σχέση με τις αντίστοιχες εκπομπές από την κίνηση των αυτοκινήτων (40-60%). Επιπλέον, πολλές ενώσεις βιογενούς προέλευσης, που έχουν συσχετιστεί με την παραγωγή σωματιδίων στην ατμόσφαιρα μέσω της οξείδωσής τους, όπως τα μονοτερπένια και το ισοπρένιο, κατά τους χειμερινούς μήνες παράγονται και από τη την καύση βιομάζας για την οικιακή θέρμανση στα αστικά κέντρα.Οι εκπομπές από το μαγείρεμα του φαγητού μπορούν να συνεισφέρουν μέχρι και 30% στο συνολικά μετρούμενο οργανικό αεροζόλ σε αστικές περιοχές. Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάστηκε η συνεισφορά σε οργανικό αεροζόλ αλλά και σε αέριους ρύπους από το ψήσιμο κρέατος. Μέσω πειραμάτων σε θάλαμο προσομοίωσης χαρακτηρίστηκε η σύσταση των εκπομπών από το ψήσιμο χοιρινού κρέατος στα κάρβουνα. Επιπλέον εξετάστηκε η οξείδωση των εκπομπών αυτών είτε με την χρήση ακτινοβολίας UV, είτε με την προσθήκη όζοντος. Από μετρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε αστικά κέντρα τόσο κατά το καλοκαίρι, όσο και κατά το χειμώνα βρέθηκαν φάσματα μάζας τα οποία παρουσιάζουν σημαντικές ομοιότητες με τα αντίστοιχα φάσματα των πειραμάτων προσομοίωσης. Το τελευταίο αποτελεί ένδειξη ότι το ψήσιμο του κρέατος αποτελεί σημαντική πηγή σε ατμοσφαιρικά σωματίδια για τις Ελληνικές πόλεις
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