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Rapid Internationalization of Traditional SMEs: Entrepreneurial Decision-Making and Organizational Changes
Full text linkIn the last 15 years, several traditional Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) internationalized rapidly operations in psychic distant countries with limited market knowledge, limited use of networks, and limited entrepreneur's international experience. This thesis draws research attention to this internationalization phenomenon here named Production-Oriented Internationalization (POI) of traditional SMEs. The investigation is focused on three issues: internationalization pathway of traditional SMEs, entrepreneurial decision-making process during the internationalization, and consequences of the internationalization on the firm's organizational elements.
Firstly, by analyzing five case firms from Italy, I describe the peculiar path followed by SMEs during POI and show that the leading literature does not contemplate it. I argue that traditional SMEs are able to shift their internationalization process (from gradual to rapid) becoming actual international players. Given the high relevance of the traditional SMEs in many national economies (e.g. Italy, Spain, Portugal, Denmark) it is interesting to study how these firms can catch up rapidly with the increasing global competition.
Secondly, I investigated the entrepreneurial cognitive process during the SMEs' internationalization of operations. Using the same sample of the first part, I show that the decision-making process can be explained through Effectuation theory. I argue that in the situation of high uncertainty, goal ambiguity and environmental isotropy (typical situation in case of internationalization of SME) even experienced entrepreneurs of already existing organizations tend to adopt effectuation logic during the decision-making process, rather than causal one.
Thirdly, I focused on the the impacts of the internationalization of operations on internal organizational elements in traditional SMEs. From the same dataset emerges that traditional SMEs were forced to perform a relevant number of adaptations spread in time that affected different organizational elements. I argue that these adaptations accumulated into a continuous radical change for the company; it is a complicated process; nevertheless, traditional SMEs through this process are potentially able to develop resources/capabilities that improve their international competitiveness.Negli ultimi 15 anni un rilevante numero di Piccole-Medie Imprese (PMI) ha internazionalizzato rapidamente le proprie operazioni in paesi distanti (culturalmente, linguisticamente, geograficamente, ecc). nonostante avendo una limitata conoscenza del mercato, ricorrendo limitatamente all'utilizzo dei propri network e avendo una limitata esperienza internazionale da parte dell’imprenditore. Questa tesi pone l'attenzione a tale fenomeno di internazionalizzazione che è stato chiamato: Production.Oriented Internationalization (POI) delle PMI tradizionali. La ricerca si è focalizzata su tre questioni: il èpercorso di internazionalizzazione seguito dalle PMI tradizionali, il processo decisionale dell’imprenditore durante l’internazionalizzazione e le conseguenze dell’internazionalizzazione sugli elementi organizzativi dell’impresa.
In primo luogo, attraverso l’analisi di cinque imprese-caso italiane, è stato descritto il particolare percorso seguito delle PMI durante POI e si dimostra che la principale letteratura di riferimento non ha contempla il fenomeno. Si sostiene, altresì, che le PMI tradizionali sono in grado di cambiare la loro velocità di internazionalizzazione (da graduale a rapida) diventando effettivi protagonisti internazionali. Data l’elevata importanza delle PMI tradizionali in molte economie nazionali (per esempio: Italia, Spagna, Portogallo, Danimarca) è interessante studiare come queste imprese possano riuscire ad agganciarsi rapidamente alla crescente competizione globale.
In secondo luogo, è stato investigato il processo cognitivo dell’imprenditore durante l’internazionalizzazione delle operations da parte delle PMI. Usando lo stesso campione della prima parte, sono state fornite prove che il processo decisionale può essere spiegato ricorrendo alla teoria dell’Effectuation. Si sostiene che in casi di elevata incertezza, ambiguità degli obiettivi e isotropia ambientale (situazione tipica nel caso di PMI che si internazionalizzano) anche gli imprenditori esperti di organizzazioni già esistenti tendono ad utilizzare la logica effettuale durante il processo decisionale, piuttosto che quella causale.
In terzo luogo, l’attenzione si è focalizzata sugli impatti dell’internazionalizzazione sugli elementi organizzativi interni alle PMI tradizionali. Dallo stesso set di dati emerge che le PMI tradizionali sono state costrette ad effettuare un non trascurabile numero di adattamenti diffusi nel tempo che hanno investito diversi elementi organizzativi. Si sostiene che tali adattamenti si sono accumulati in un cambiamento continuo e radicale per l’impresa. Il risultato ne è un processo complicato, ma, nonostante ciò, le PMI tradizionali attraverso di esso sono potenzialmente in grado di sviluppare risorse/capacità che migliorano la loro competitività internazionale
Traditional SMEs: Production-Oriented Internationalization and Strategic Implications.
No full textIn the last 15 years, several Traditional SMEs internationalized their production in low cost countries where they did not have previous selling presence. Firstly, we show that existing theories do not explain Production-Oriented Internationalization of Traditional SMEs and we propose a research framework. Subsequently, we focused the research on the changes that are stimulated by this kind of internationalization and on the consequent impact on SMEs competitiveness. Finally, we present a case-study. The empirical analysis is definitely a preliminary one and deserves a more thorough investigation. It suggests that the Production-Oriented Internationalization is a phenomenon with complex and positive implications
Internationalisation of SMEs and Changes in Organisational Elements
No full textIn the last 15 years, several Traditional SMEs internationalised their production in low-cost countries where they did not have previous selling presence. This paper aims at drawing research attention to this internationalisation phenomenon that we call Production-Oriented Internationalisation of SMEs. Firstly, it is shown that existing theories do not explain Production-Oriented Internationalisation of Traditional SMEs. Subsequently, a framework to direct the research on this phenomenon is proposed. The research is focused on the changes in Organisational elements induced by this kind of internationalisation. The empirical investigation adopted the method of retrospective case studies. The five cases considered are traditional Italian SMEs belonging to different sectors. All the companies internationalised the production in the Eastern Europe in the period 2000-2004. The analysis shows that the Production-Oriented Internationalisation is a phenomenon with both complex and potentially positive implications. The fact that several Traditional SMEs may undertake such a kind of internationalisation process makes this Production-Oriented Internationalisation of significant practical relevance
Entrepreneurial decision-making process during the internationalization
No full textThis inductive study analyzes the entrepreneurial cognitive process during the Small-Medium Enterprises’ internationalization of operations. By analyzing 5 case studies we show that the internationalization process can be explained through Effectuation theory. We argue that in the situation of high uncertainty, goal ambiguity and isotropy even experienced entrepreneurs of already existing organizations tend to adopt effectuation logic during the decision-making process, rather than causal one
Rapid Internationalization of Traditional SMEs: Between Stage Models and Born Globals
No full textIn the last 15 years, several traditional Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have rapidly
internationalized operations in psychic distant countries with limited market knowledge,
limited use of networks, and limited international experience of the entrepreneurs. The overall
purpose of this paper is to draw research attention to this internationalization phenomenon
that we call Production-Oriented Internationalization (POI) of traditional SMEs.
We describe the peculiar path followed by SMEs during POI by analyzing five case firms
from Italy, and show that the leading literature does not contemplate it. We argue that
traditional SMEs are able to speed up their internationalization process (from gradual to
rapid) thus, becoming actual international players. Given the high relevance of the traditional
SMEs in many national economies (e.g. Italy, Spain, Portugal, Denmark), it is interesting to
study how these firms can catch up rapidly with the increasing global competition
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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