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Implementation of a municipal solid waste management system in Swakopmund, Namibia
Get PDFThesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2019.ENGLISH SUMMARY : All over the world, municipal solid waste (MSW) is known for causing a wide variety of environmental pollution ranging from water, ground and air pollutions. If not properly managed, the consequences can be harmful to biodiversity. The Namibian Constitution stipulates that every citizen has the right to a good quality and clean environment. Therefore, as humans we should redouble our efforts to minimise these effects, conserve resources and promote environmental quality. Various institutions, government departments, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and individuals have obeyed the constitution through implementing various approaches, policies and legislation to curb environmental damage and enhance public welfare. The concept of sustainable waste management requires a need to discuss various environmental matters including the economic costs of the most suitable techniques used for municipal solid waste management, aiming to maintain environmental quality and promote public health. Equally important, there is a need to recommend the best alternative municipal solid waste management and disposal approaches. Municipal Solid Waste management systems are actually fundamental instruments incorporated into successful integrated waste management systems.
This thesis reports on an assessment of a municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in one of the local authorities in Namibia, as a case study of Swakopmund Municipality. The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the implementation of a MSWM system in the town of Swakopmund. Furthermore, it provides recommendations with regard to MSWM and disposal methods which may be most suitable, considering the economic costs and environmental impacts of MSW. The methodology used to achieve the study objectives involved the review of related literature, interviews with the key personnel from the Health Department working directly with MSW and environmental management. A questionnaire was also prepared and randomly distributed to 200 residents above the age of 18. Disposal site visits and direct observation were conducted weekly to access data about waste composition, quantity and to scrutinise the 4Rs strategic approach. The study found that source reduction, waste segregation at source, reuse and recycling, are some of the most effective strategies toward improving MSWM. However, at Swakopmund, these strategies are applied at a minimal degree. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the Council of Swakopmund Municipality should invest more in the MSW sector, in terms of constructing a sanitary landfill to replace the current open but controlled dumpsite. It was also recommended that the Council should develop and implement modernised waste management strategy and practices, supported by technology and benchmarked with the best practices in the world.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Regoor die wêreld is dit bekend dat vaste afval van munisipaliteite (MSW) ’n wye verskeidenheid omgewingsbesoedeling veroorsaak wat water, grond en lug negatief raak. Indien dit nie na wense bestuur word nie, kan die gevolge vir biodiversiteit skadelik wees. Die Namibiese Grondwet bepaal dat elke burger die reg op ’n goeie gehalte en skoon omgewing het. Derhalwe behoort ons as mense ons pogings te verdubbel om hierdie skadelike gevolge te verminder, hulpbronne te bewaar en omgewingsgehalte te bevorder. Verskeie instellings, staatsdepartemente, nie-regeringsorganisasies (NROs) en individue gehoorsaam die Grondwet deur talle benaderings, beleide en wetgewing te implementeer wat skade aan die omgewing bekamp en openbare welsyn verbeter.
Die konsep van volhoubare afvalbestuur vereis die noodsaaklikheid dat verskeie omgewingsaangeleenthede bespreek word, insluitend die koste van die mees geskikte tegnieke wat aangewend word vir munisipale vaste afvalbestuur met die doel om omgewingsgehalte op ’n aanvaarbare standaard te behou en om openbare gesonheid te bevorder. Eweneens belangrik bestaan daar ’n behoefte om die beste alternatiewe munisipale afvalbestuurs- en benuttingsbenaderings aan te beveel. Bestuurstelsels wat op munisipale vaste afval gerig is, is eintlik fundamentele instrumente wat in geslaagde, geïntegreerde afvalbestuurstelsels ingesluit word.
In hierdie verhandeling word verslag gedoen oor die evaluering van ’n munisipale vaste afvalbestuur (MSWM) in een van die plaaslike besture in Namibië, as ’n gevallestudie van die Swakopmundse Munisipaliteit. Die doel met hierdie studie was om die implementering van ’n MSWM-stelsel in die dorp Swakopmund te ondersoek en te beskryf. Vervolgens bied dit aanbevelings oor MSWM en wegdoeninsmetodes wat die mees geskik blyk te wees in die lig van koste en omgewingsimpak van MSW. Die metode wat ingespan word om die studiedoelwitte te bereik, behels die hersiening van verwante literatuur, asook onderhoude met die sleutelpersoneel van die Department van Gesondheid wat direk met MSW en omgewingsbestuur werk. ’n Vraelys is ook opgestel en lukraak na 200 inwoners bo die ouderdom van 18 jaar versprei. Besoeke aan wegdoeningsterreine en direkte waarneming het weekliks plaasgevind om toegang tot data oor afvalsamestelling en -gehalte te verkry, asook om die 4Rs-strategiese benadering deeglik te bekyk. Die studie het bevind dat bronvermindering, afskeiding van afval by die bron, hergebruik en herwinning van die mees doeltreffendste strategieë is om MSWM te verbeter.
Wat Swakopmund betref, word hierdie strategieë egter minimaal toegepas. Op grond van dié bevindings het die studie aanbeveel dat die Raad van die Swakopmundse Munisipaliteit meer in die MSW-sektor behoort te belê in terme van die oprigting van ’n sanitêre opvullingsterrein wat dan die oop, maar beheerde stortingsterrein kan vervang. Daar is ook aanbeveel dat die Raad gemoderniseerde strategieë en –praktyke vir afvalbestuur ontwikkel en implementeer, wat gerugsteun word deur tegnologie en aan die standaard van die beste praktyke in die wêreld voldoen.Master
Transitioning to sustainable waste management models : the case of Langebaan and Swakopmund Municipalities
Get PDFThesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH SUMMARY: Globally, the traditional linear economy model based on the “take-make-use-dispose” principle originated from the first, second and third industrial revolutions, in which waste disposal to landfills and dumpsites has been the dominant waste management method. However, in the 21st century, waste management, driven by a radical circular economy model, is seen as an alternative method that may contribute to sustainable development, unlike the predominant linear economy model of resource consumption which is no longer sustainable. The circular economy entails reducing the consumption of raw materials, designing products in such a manner that they can easily be taken apart after use and reused (eco-design), prolonging the lifespan of products through maintenance and repair, using recyclables in products and recovering raw materials from waste flow. The study employed a mixed method approach whereby qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were combined to explore how the current waste management models, resulting from municipal policies, processes, procedures and practices of the Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities, contribute to the realisation of sustainable waste management (environmental, economic and social sustainability) in the context of a circular economy. The methods used in data collection were structured in-depth interviews, documents analyses and non-participatory direct observation. Participants were senior level employees at Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities, as well as private companies dealing with waste management. Participants were purposefully selected on the basis of their knowledge of waste management systems. Document analysis was used to conduct a reflective/comparative analysis of policies, procedures, processes, organisational strategies and reports as a way of providing additional data, triangulation and validity of data collected through structured in-depth interviews. The study found that currently – despite the circular economy gaining momentum in most cities internationally – the Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities have not, as yet, implemented circular economy models in their waste management systems. For example, products such as mobile phones, batteries, tyres and organic products are produced and used, and when they break, become worn and obsolete, or by-products, they are dumped in landfills. The study established that part of the challenges includes, among others, inadequate regulatory frameworks, insufficient financial resources, inadequate information, lack of awareness, insufficient human resource capacity, lack of private sector engagement/involvement, lack of political will and lack of technical solutions. The study suggests that a circular economy would help to address these issues by maximising the efficiency with which resources are used at each stage of the product lifecycle. Moreover, a circular economy business model can increase productivity and economic growth; improve the quality and quantity of employment by creating jobs and save lives, by helping to reduce environmental impacts such as water pollution, air pollution and climate change. Based on the results a framework for best practices in circularity for small municipalities was developed for immediate consideration by Langebaan and Swakopmund municipalities and any other small municipality that wishes to become a circular or green city/town. Circular cities/towns keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of their lifespan. Consequently, it is recommended that policymakers in government and small municipalities should revise existing regulatory instruments to promote transitioning to circular business models for waste management in line with the proposed framework.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wereldwyd het die tradisionele lineere ekonomie-model, wat gebaseer is op die beginsel van "neem-maak-gebruik-weggooi", ontstaan uit die eerste, tweede en derde nywerheidsomwentelings, waarin afvalverwerking na opvullings- en stortingsterreine die dominante afvalbestuursmetode was. In die 21ste eeu word afvalbestuur, aangedryf deur 'n radikale kringloopekonomie-model, egter gesien as 'n alternatiewe metode wat kan bydra tot volhoubare ontwikkeling, anders as die oorheersende lineere ekonomie-model van hulpbronverbruik wat nie meer volhoubaar is nie. Die kringloop-ekonomie behels die vermindering van die verbruik van grondstowwe, die ontwerp van produkte op so 'n wyse dat dit maklik uitmekaar gehaal kan word na gebruik, en weer gebruik kan word (eko-ontwerp), wat die lewensduur van produkte verleng deur middel van instandhouding en herstelwerk, die gebruik van herwinbare produkte, en die herwinning van grondstowwe uit afvalvloei. Die studie het ’n gemengde metodes-benadering gevolg, waardeur kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodes van data-insameling gekombineer word om te ondersoek hoe die huidige modelle vir afvalbestuur op grond van munisipale beleid, prosesse, prosedures en praktyke van die Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite bydra tot die totstandkoming van volhoubare afvalbestuur (omgewings-, ekonomiese en sosiale volhoubaarheid) in die konteks van 'n kringloop-ekonomie. Die metodes wat in die data-insameling gebruik is, is gestruktureerde diepte-onderhoude, dokumentontledings en nie-deelnemende regstreekse waarneming. Deelnemers was werknemers op senior vlak by die Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite, sowel as private ondernemings wat met afvalbestuur besig was. Deelnemers is doelgerig gekies op grond van hul kennis van afvalbestuurstelsels. Dokumentanalise is gebruik om 'n reflektiewe/vergelykende analise van beleide, prosedures, prosesse, organisasiestrategiee en verslae uit te voer as 'n manier om addisionele data, triangulering en geldigheid van data wat deur middel van gestruktureerde diepte-onderhoude versamel is, te verskaf. Die studie het bevind dat, ondanks die feit dat die kringloop-ekonomie in die meeste stede internasionaal momentum kry, die munisipaliteite in Langebaan en Swakopmund tans nog nie kringloop-ekonomie-modelle in hul afvalbestuurstelsels geimplementeer het nie. Produkte soos selfone, batterye, buitebande en organiese produkte word byvoorbeeld vervaardig, gebruik, en wanneer dit breek, verweer, verouder of neweprodukte word, word dit op stortingsterreine gegooi. Die studie het vasgestel dat 'n deel van die uitdagings, onder andere, ontoereikende reguleringsraamwerke, onvoldoende finansiele hulpbronne, gebrekkige inligting, ’n gebrek aan bewustheid, onvoldoende menslike hulpbronvermoe, ’n gebrek aan betrokkenheid van die private sektor, ’n gebrek aan politieke wil en gebrek aan tegniese oplossings insluit. Die aanbeveling is dat 'n kringloop-ekonomie sal help om hierdie probleme op te los deur die doeltreffendheid waarmee hulpbronne in elke stadium van die produklewensiklus gebruik word, te maksimeer. Verder kan 'n kringloop-ekonomie-sakemodel produktiwiteit en ekonomiese groei verhoog; die gehalte en hoeveelheid van indiensneming verbeter deur werk te skep; en lewens red deur omgewingsimpakte soos waterbesoedeling, lugbesoedeling en klimaatsverandering te verminder. Op grond van die resultate is 'n raamwerk vir beste praktyke in sirkelvormigheid vir klein munisipaliteite ontwikkel vir onmiddellike oorweging deur Langebaan- en Swakopmund-munisipaliteite en enige ander klein munisipaliteit wat 'n sirkelvormige of groen dorp/stad wil word. Sirkelvormige stede/dorpe hou hulpbronne so lank as moontlik in gebruik, haal die maksimum waarde daaruit terwyl dit gebruik word, en herwin en herstel produkte en materiale aan die einde van hul lewensduur. Daar word dus aanbeveel dat beleidmakers in die regering en klein munisipaliteite bestaande reguleringsinstrumente moet hersien om die oorgang na kringloop-sakemodelle vir afvalbestuur te bevorder in ooreenstemming met die voorgestelde raamwerk.Doctorat
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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