1,720,955 research outputs found
FACTORS INFLUENCING COMPLIANCE TO ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ON POLYTHENE BAG BAN IN RONGAI SUB-COUNTY, NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
No full textFULL TEXTPolythene bags have been preferred for packaging purposes because they are light in weight, cheap and resistant to degradation. Despite the benefits, poor disposal of polythene causes degradation of soil, water, land and air resources leading to health problems. Burning polythene releases Greenhouse gases mainly Carbon dioxide, associated with Climate change. Furthermore, polythene kills wild game, livestock and aquatic organisms. The adverse effects of polythene bags in the country led to introduction of legislation in the year 2017, banning light weight single-use polythene bags and in March 2019 on polypropylene bags as a mitigation measure. However, Reports of polythene bags presence in the Rongai Sub-County indicate lack of compliance of the legislation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine factors influencing compliance of environmental legislation on polythene bag ban in Rongai sub-county, Nakuru County, Kenya. The objectives aimed by this research study were to: determine the levels of awareness of the legislation; assess the perceived environmental effects of polythene bags; examine the influence of polythene bag alternatives on extent of compliance of the legislation and establish the extent to which enforcement capacity influence compliance of the legislation on polythene bag ban. This descriptive research design was employed from a target population of 147,017 (18,377 households) and 580 traders, proportionate stratified random sampling of 265 respondents in the five wards were sampled. Six Key informants were selected using purposive sampling; 5 chiefs from respective wards and one Environmental Compliance officer in the Sub-County, bringing a total of 265 in number. Instruments used for collecting data included; piloted questionnaires (0.74cronbach‘s alpha level) used on households and traders while interviews conducted for key informants. A focus group discussion of 5-10 members in each ward was held. Photography and Non-participant observation was adopted to add on collected information collected. Data analysis was done using computer software statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS version 22). Descriptive statistics was used to measure central tendencies with Chi-square at 5% level of significance ((=0.05) while Correlation and multiple regressions was used in inferential statistics. Familiarity on the ban of commonly used polypropylene bags was widely agreed at ( 2 =317, P<0.0001) while the least association was responses agreeing that there was sufficient awareness at ( 2 =52.4, P<0.0001). Hundred percent of the respondents significantly agreed at ( 2 =46.7, P<0.0001) that polythene bags kill livestock. 46.53 percent of the respondents agreed that cost for alternative materials carrier bags was expensive at ( 2 =156, P<0.0001). 48.16 percent agreed that Understaffing was affecting NEMA enforcement of the legislation at ( 2 =144.5, P<0.0001). In conclusion, the respondents had low awareness levels, lacked good quality alternatives and enforcement agency was found to be lacking the capacity to ensure adherence to the legislation. The study therefore recommends improved awareness campaigns of negative effects of polythene bags and incorporation of all stakeholders in the formulation of environmental policies and legislation in Kenya
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Influence Of Polythene Bag Alternatives On Compliance To Environmental Legislation On Polythene Bag Ban In Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya
No full textFULL TEXTPolythene bags have been preferred for packaging purposes because they are light in weight,
cheap and resistant to degradation. Despite the benefits, poor disposal of polythene causes
degradation and pollution of soil, water, land and air resources leading to health problems and
Climate change. Furthermore, polythene kills the wild game, livestock and aquatic organisms.
These problems led to the introduction of legislation in 2017 banning polythene bags of less than
30 microns. Reports of availability of these polythene bags and emergence of poor quality
alternatives in Kenya indicate lack of compliance to this environmental Legislation. Therefore,
the objective of this study was to determine the influence of polythene bags alternatives on the
extent of compliance to environmental legislation on polythene bag ban in Rongai sub-county,
Nakuru County, Kenya and to recommend possible solutions. The descriptive research design
was used in the study. A sample size of 259 respondents was selected using proportionate
stratified random sampling from a target population of 18,377 households and 580 traders and
purposively selected 6 Key informants. Instruments used included Piloted questionnaires (0.74
Polythene bags have been preferred for packaging purposes because they are light in weight,
cheap and resistant to degradation. Despite the benefits, poor disposal of polythene causes
degradation and pollution of soil, water, land and air resources leading to health problems and
Climate change. Furthermore, polythene kills the wild game, livestock and aquatic organisms.
These problems led to the introduction of legislation in 2017 banning polythene bags of less than
30 microns. Reports of availability of these polythene bags and emergence of poor quality
alternatives in Kenya indicate lack of compliance to this environmental Legislation. Therefore,
the objective of this study was to determine the influence of polythene bags alternatives on the
extent of compliance to environmental legislation on polythene bag ban in Rongai sub-county,
Nakuru County, Kenya and to recommend possible solutions. The descriptive research design
was used in the study. A sample size of 259 respondents was selected using proportionate
stratified random sampling from a target population of 18,377 households and 580 traders and
purposively selected 6 Key informants. Instruments used included Piloted questionnaires (0.74
Cronbach’s alpha level), focus group discussions Observation and photography. Data analysis
was done using SPSS version 20. Percentages were used in descriptive statistic while Chi-square
at 5% level of significance ((=0.05) was used in the inferential statistic. Results indicated that
50% of respondents use propylene bags which was attributed to the lack of alternatives by the
majority significantly agreeing (p<.0001). This study is important in the reforms of
Environmental policy, promotion of awareness and compliance of this legislation in Kenya.1. National Research Fund
2. Sentimental Energy Lt
Influence of Polythene Bag Alternatives on Compliance to Environmental Legislation on Polythene Bag Ban in Rongai Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya
No full textFULL TEXTPolythene bags have been preferred for packaging purposes because they are
light in weight, cheap and resistant to degradation. Despite the benefits, poor
disposal of polythene causes degradation and pollution of soil, water, land
and air resources leading to health problems and climate change. Furthermore,
polythene kills the wild game, livestock and aquatic organisms. These
problems have led to the introduction of legislation banning polythene bags.
Reports of availability of these polythene bags and emergence of poor quality
alternatives present negative outcome of the environmental legislations.
Therefore, this research study was aimed at studying the influence of alternative
eco-friendly bags on compliance with the environmental legislation that
banned its use, with a view to improving its adoption in Rongai. The
descriptive research design was used in the study. A sample size of 259 respondents
was selected using proportionate stratified random sampling from a
target population of 18,377 households and 580 traders while purposively selected
6 key informants. Instruments used included Piloted questionnaires
(0.74 Cronbach’s alpha level) and focus group discussions. Data analysis was
done using SPSS version 20. Percentages were used in descriptive statistic
while Chi-square at 5% level of significance (∝ = 0.05) and correlation was
used in the inferential statistic. Findings indicated that 50% of respondents
used the outlawed propylene bags, the majority significantly agreed (p <
0.0001). It is suggested that there is need for promotion of eco-friendly bags
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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