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Between the Modern Administration of Public Health and “Muncipality” : The Controversy over the Re-constitution of the Sanitary Board in British Hong Kong from Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century
No full textThis paper clarifies how the Hong Kong Government established a modern centralized sanitary administration from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, as well as how the issue was disputed by the people in Hong Kong. Although many colonial histories have been based on the dichotomy between the modern western colonizer and the pre-modern indigenous colonized, this paper regards the arguments among the government, colonial bureaucrats, western citizens and Chinese elites as a conflict between the centralized administration of the government and “Municipality” (地方自治) within the Sanitary Board (潔淨局), which was organized in 1883 to address issues of sanitation in Hong Kong. The Sanitary Board was one of the most vital institutions for western citizens and Chinese elites. They regarded the Board as an autonomous governing body like those in the cities of Britain or in other colonies of the British Empire. After the bubonic plague in 1894, the Hong Kong Government regarded the Chinese community as a hotbed of the disease and tried to establish a centralized sanitary administration. As a result of the amendment of the Public Health and the Buildings Ordinance of 1903, the Government appointed a colonial official known as the Principal Civil Medical Officer, to be the head of the Sanitary Department (潔淨署) and the president of the Sanitary Board, thus putting the Sanitary Board under the control of the Government. One of my arguments in this paper is that western citizens and Chinese elites transcended their ethnic divisions to cooperate with each other to protect their own interests. Both western and Chinese property owners, who were forced to bear the financial burden to improve the sanitary condition in their properties, criticized the government sanitary administration. The report of the commission of enquiry into the sanitary administration organized in 1906, which was composed of the unofficial members of the Sanitary Board, demanded the municipal autonomy of the Sanitary Board to protect their economic interests and liberty. Though the Government wished to appoint a new administrative head, the autonomous local body would not permit it. Moreover, unofficial members of the legislative Council (立法局) who demanded improvement in sanitation also denied there was local autonomy and claimed that the Government should bear the responsibility for improving sanitation. Another consideration addressed in this paper is how governors, colonial bureaucrats, western citizens and Chinese elites, tended to compare Hong Kong with cities in Britain, other colonies and settlements, and how they utilized both the universality of the British Empire and the local specificity of Hong Kong to gain control of jurisdiction over public health. property owners tried to legitimize the obtaining municipal autonomy by comparing Hong Kong with Britain. However, the colonial bureaucrats and those who sought improvement in sanitary conditions usually emphasized the local specificity of Hong Kong and regarded property owners as not being suitable, public-spirited citizens
<Articles>The Controversy over Public Health Policy in British Hong Kong from the Late 19th Century to the Early 20th Century: The Improvement of Housing Conditions of Chinese People and Economic Liberalism
No full text本稿は、世紀転換期の香港における衛生政策、特に中国人の居住環境に対する政策の特徴とそれをめぐる議論を明らかにするものである。行論では、種々の調査委員会による調査報告書や潔浄局・立法局での衛生関連条例の制定における議論を分析した。香港政庁は居住環境の改善において財政面や中国人社会への配慮を踏まえて効率的な政策を実施した。また、その費用を家屋所有者に負わせる方針をとっており、これは本国イギリスより中央集権的で経済的自由主義に介入するものだった。オープンスペースに関する家屋所有者の反発は受け入れられなかったが、弁護士や医師など専門職の立法局非官守議員からも反発を受けたキュービクルの問題の解決策に関して、政庁は政策を一部修正し費用負担を認めた。これは、彼らが政庁の主導による衛生行政体制を支持していたためであり、彼らの存在は政庁にとって無視できない重要なものとなっていた。The studies of the history of public health in Hong Kong under British rule have analyzed how Chinese society in Hong Kong reacted to the policy of the Hong Kong government, the local governing body of the British, until the time of the plague epidemic in 1894. On the other hand, the administration and policy on public health after the plague epidemic have not been sufficiently addressed in prior studies, and only a summary overview of their progress has been made. However, public health policy and its administration in Hong Kong in the first half of the twentieth century affected diverse aspects of Hong Kong society, including the Chinese community, the British community and the business community of westerners and Chinese. This article analyzes public health policy in Hong Kong after the plague, especially the characteristics of the policy regarding the housing environment of the Chinese and the discussion about it from the viewpoint of its effect on economic liberalism. The first section surveys the situation of the housing environment of the Chinese at the end of the nineteenth century. The problem most often discussed in regard to the housing environment of the Chinese was the lack of the sunshine and ventilation. Because three or four-story buildings in the Chinese residential area were densely built, it was important to expand open spaces. Moreover, the existence of "cubicles" small spaces without windows inside these houses was also a problem. The second section analyzes the principle the Hong Kong government used in deciding the policy for the expansion of open spaces and the solution of the cubicle problem from 1896 to 1903. After the plague epidemic, the government carried out land resumption in the Taipingshan District, where many of the plague victims had resided. But some colonial bureaucrats were strongly concerned that the resumption of land would aversely affect public finances. As a result of the report from the Insanitary Properties Commission in 1898, the government adopted a policy having property owners bear the cost for the improvement to existing houses throughout Hong Kong, and a series of ordinances relating to public health was established and then amended. This policy did not bring about change even when Osbert Chadwick, a famous civil engineer sent from the Britain, had proposed the land resumption. The third section analyzes how Hong Kong society reacted to the ordinances enacted from 1906 to 1908 by using reports of the commissions or committees, the hansards of the Legislative Council, newspapers and so on. As the report of the commission of enquiry looking into public health and the buildings ordinance of 1907 shows, property owners objected to the policy of expanding open spaces from the perspective of economic liberalism and protecting their own interests. The government, however, did not change the policy. On the other hand, the problem of the cubicles was widely discussed among the government, property owners and professionals among the unofficial members of the Legislative Council who played an especially important role. They proposed a plan to demolish of the upper floors of unsanitary houses, and through the report of the Cubicle Committee in 1907, the plan was incorporated as an amendment to the public health and the buildings ordinance in 1908. Moreover, in debating the ordinance, professionals among the unofficial members of the Legislative Council succeeded in having the government bear a portion of the cost. This was because they emphasized the improvement of sanitary conditions and were strongly aware of the necessity of the government taking the initiative for sanitary administration. At the turn of the century, the Hong Kong government selected the most efficient policy for involving Chinese society by taking into consideration financial aspects and the Chinese community. In addition, the ordinances they enacted interfered with economic liberalism because the cost of improvements burdened property owners. It can be said that ordinances relating to public health in Hong Kong were more centralized than those in Britain and that they had a great influence on both Westerners and Chinese. This article makes clear that in this situation, the claims of property owners were not accepted by the government as they had been before the plague epidemic, and that professionals among the unofficial members of the Legislative Council, to whom many scholars have paid little or no attention, had a certain degree of influence and power
イギリス領香港における近代的公衆衛生システムと「地方自治」 ―都市の衛生環境・政府と社会・特殊性と普遍性に注目して―
Get PDF京都大学新制・課程博士博士(文学)甲第22920号文博第866号新制||文||703(附属図書館)京都大学大学院文学研究科歴史文化学専攻(主査)教授 髙嶋 航, 教授 中砂 明徳, 准教授 村上 衛学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of LettersKyoto UniversityDGA
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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