1,721,113 research outputs found
The treatment of women within Pakistani domestic legal system: A relativist challenge to the universalist concept of human rights, the potential of European Union’s mandate of external relations and actions for addressing the challenge.
No full textLe norme, le politiche e le prassi interne in Pakistan non sono sempre in linea con l’obbligo di assicurare il rispetto dei diritti umani senza discriminazioni. Ciò si deve sia a fattori interni che esterni. A livello interno, il forte relativismo culturale e religioso, l’allontanamento del sistema giuridico della Sharia dall'Ijtihad (ragionamento giuridico indipendente) verso il Taqleed (seguire un percorso predefinito), le eredità coloniali, l'esistenza di istituzioni statali parallele, la continua divisione tra la maggioranza tradizionalista e la minoranza modernista della società pakistana, la riluttanza e l'incapacità del legislatore, portano all'adozione di riforme legislative che altro non sono che il frutto di compromessi.
Esternamente, due insidie del diritto internazionale dei diritti umani perpetuano questo problema: la possibilità di introdurre riserve ai trattati pertinenti e la mancanza di efficaci meccanismi volti alla loro attuazione. Le riserve permettono una diffusa partecipazione ai trattati internazionali sui diritti umani, ma minano la capacità delle norme in esse contenute di raggiungere uno status universalistico e possono assecondare il relativismo culturale e religioso. D'altra parte, la mancanza di un meccanismo di attuazione coercitiva impedisce l'applicazione sostanziale e la realizzazione indiscriminata a livello nazionale delle norme sui diritti umani, al di là del loro riconoscimento formale.
Qualsiasi proposta per la soluzione di questi problemi dovrebbe essere bidimensionale. Dovrebbe avere il potenziale per mediare i lati negativi dell'attuale sistema internazionale di protezione dei diritti umani, fornendo efficaci meccanismi di attuazione e, al contempo essere accettabile per le parti interessate, a fronte di un forte relativismo culturale e religioso.
A livello interno, tale obiettivo può essere raggiunto leggendo la Sharia alla luce degli obblighi sui diritti umani, da un lato, e promuovendo un'interpretazione dei diritti umani meno focalizzata sul modello occidentale, dall’altro. Dagli esempi progressisti di Tunisia, Egitto e Marocco, il Pakistan può imparare come la Sharia possa essere interpretata in modo modernista con un approccio non essenzialista e come le dottrine di Ijtihad, Takhayyur e Talfiq, invece del Taqleed, debbano essere impiegate. Ciò sarà fondamentale per raggiungere l'obiettivo di riformulare o ritirare le ampie e vaghe riserve apposte dal Pakistan ai regimi pattizi sui diritti umani.
A livello esterno, meccanismi di attuazione efficaci per l’attuazione delle norme sui diritti umani possono essere ricercati al di fuori degli strumenti sui diritti umani. Così, il rispetto dei diritti umani potrebbe essere associato ad incentivi economici e commerciali. L'Unione europea interagisce con gli Stati terzi attraverso la politica commerciale comune, l'assistenza, la cooperazione allo sviluppo e fornendo posizioni commerciali preferenziali e altri incentivi economici ai paesi in via di sviluppo. Rispettare e promuovere i diritti umani è una condizione per acquisire e mantenere lo status di beneficiario del libero scambio.
Questa ricerca analizzerà innanzitutto le norme internazionali sui diritti umani vincolanti per il Pakistan e gli esempi di riserve poste ai trattati pertinenti da altri paesi di tradizione islamica. Guarderà poi al sistema giuridico e politico del Pakistan dal punto di vista delle norme internazionali sui diritti umani. Soffermandosi sulle relazioni economiche tra l'UE e il Pakistan, esaminerà la cooperazione tra l'UE e il Pakistan, cercando di valutare quali sono le aree trascurate e le lacune, e quale ulteriore ruolo può svolgere l'UE nella promozione e attuazione delle norme internazionali sui diritti umani in Pakistan, in modo da valutare se il commercio possa effettivamente essere un mezzo per respingere le spinte relativiste al concetto universalista dei diritti umani, come suggerirebbe l'adagio il commercio unisce i nemiciThe domestic laws, policies, and practices of Pakistan are hardly in line with the Country’s international commitments to indiscriminately respect human rights. This is due both to internal and to external factors. Internally, strong cultural and religious relativism, misconceived departure of Shariah legal system from Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) to Taqleed (following a predefined path), colonial legacies, the existence of parallel state institutions, the continuous divide between the majority traditionalist and minority modernist segments of Pakistani society, and the reluctance and inability of legislature, lead to the adoption of legislative reforms that are no more than the child of compromises.
Externally, two pitfalls of international human rights law perpetuate this problem: the possibility to introduce reservations to human rights treaties and the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. While allowing a widespread participation to international human rights treaties, reservations undermine the potential of human rights standards to achieve universalist status and may lead to cultural and religious relativism. On the other hand, the lack of a coercive enforcement mechanism impinges upon the substantial application and indiscriminate realization at the domestic level of human rights standards, beyond their formal recognition.
In order to be effective, any proposed solution to these problems should be two-dimensional. It should have the potential to mediate the downsides of the existing international human rights protection system, by providing effective enforcement mechanisms, but at the same time it should be acceptable to the relevant stakeholders, at the face of strong cultural and religious relativism.
Internally, this can be done by reading Shariah in line with human rights obligations, on one hand, and advocating for a less western-centric interpretation of human rights, on the other hand. From the progressive examples of Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, Pakistan can learn how the rules of Shariah can be given modernist interpretations with a non-essentialist approach and how the doctrines of Ijtihad, Takhayyur, and Talfiq, instead of Taqleed, should be employed. Adoption of these tools and attitudes will be instrumental in achieving the objective to reformulate, narrow down and/or withdraw Pakistan’s broad and vague reservations to human rights treaty regimes.
Externally, effective enforcement mechanisms for the purpose of implementing international human rights standards may be sought outside human rights instruments. Thus, human rights compliance could be associated to trade and other economic incentives. The European Union interacts with non-EU states through common commercial policy, assistance, development cooperation and by providing preferential trading positions and other economic incentives to developing and least developing countries. Respecting, ensuring, and promoting international human rights is a condition for acquiring and retaining free trade beneficiary statuses.
This research will first analyse the international human rights standards binding on Pakistan and examples of reservations placed to human rights treaties by other countries of Islamic tradition. Secondly, it will examine the domestic legal and political system of Pakistan from the perspective of international human rights law. Focusing on the economic relations between the EU and Pakistan, it will then examine the current nature and level of engagements between EU and Pakistan, and it will attempt to assess what are the neglected areas and the loopholes and what further role the EU can play in the promotion and effective enforcement of international human rights standards in Pakistan, so as to assess whether trade could actually be a means to mediate the relativist challenge to the universalist concept of human rights, as the adage “trade brings the enemies together” would suggest
Computational Identification of Milk Trait Regulation Through Transcription Factor Cooperation in Murciano-Granadina Goats
No full textThe Murciano-Granadina goat (MUG) is a renowned dairy breed, known for its adaptability and resilience, as well as for its exceptional milk traits characterized by high protein and fat content, along with low somatic cell counts. These traits are governed by complex biological processes, crucial in shaping phenotypic diversity. Thus, it is imperative to explore the factors regulating milk production and lactation for this breed. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of seven milk traits in MUGs, employing a two-step computational analysis to examine genotype–phenotype associations. Initially, a random forest algorithm identified the relative importance of each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in determining the traits of interest. The second step applied an information theory-based approach to exploring the complex genetic architecture of quantitative milk traits, focusing on epistatic interactions that may have been overlooked in the first step. These approaches allowed us to identify an almost distinct set of candidate genes for each trait. In contrast, by analyzing the promoter regions of these genes, we revealed common regulatory networks among the milk traits under study. These findings are crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying gene regulation, and they highlight the pivotal role of transcription factors (TFs) and their preferential interactions in the development of these traits. Notably, TFs such as DBP, HAND1E47, HOXA4, PPARA, and THAP1 were consistently identified for all traits, highlighting their important roles in immunity within the mammary gland and milk production during lactation
Harnessing the Cloud: A Novel Approach to Smart Solar Plant Monitoring
Full text linkRenewable Energy Sources (RESs) such as hydro, wind, and solar are merging as preferred alternatives to fossil fuels. Among these RESs, solar energy is the most ideal solution; it is gaining extensive interest around the globe. However, due to solar energy’s intermittent nature and sensitivity to environmental parameters (e.g., irradiance, dust, temperature, aging and humidity), real-time solar plant monitoring is imperative. This paper’s contribution is to compare and analyze current IoT trends and propose future research directions. As a result, this will be instrumental in the development of low-cost, real-time, scalable, reliable, and power-optimized solar plant monitoring systems. In this work, a comparative analysis has been performed on proposed solutions using the existing literature. This comparative analysis has been conducted considering five aspects: computer boards, sensors, communication, servers, and architectural paradigms. IoT architectural paradigms employed have been summarized and discussed with respect to communication, application layers, and storage capabilities. To facilitate enhanced IoT-based solar monitoring, an edge computing paradigm has been proposed. Suggestions are presented for the fabrication of edge devices and nodes using optimum compute boards, sensors, and communication modules. Different cloud platforms have been explored, and it was concluded that the public cloud platform Amazon Web Services is the ideal solution. Artificial intelligence-based techniques, methods, and outcomes are presented, which can help in the monitoring, analysis, and management of solar PV systems. As an outcome, this paper can be used to help researchers and academics develop low-cost, real-time, effective, scalable, and reliable solar monitoring systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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