100,385 research outputs found
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Przyczynowość stanów mentalnych w modelach naukowych. Próba alternatywnego uzasadnienia antynaturalizmu eksplanacyjnego Urszuli Żegleń
No full textAn antinaturalist defense of causality of mental states. The argument is based on the properties of causal models in cognitive research.
Bibliografia prac przywołanych w tekście
Damasio A., 1994/1999, Błąd Kartezjusza. Emocje, rozum i ludzki mózg, tłum. M. Karpiński, Poznań: Rebis.
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Davidson D., 1976/2001, „Hempel on explaining action”, w: (Davidson 2001), s. 261-75.
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Greyson B., 2000, „Near-death experiences”, w: Varieties of anomalous experience. Examining the scientific evidence, red. E. Cardeña, S. J. Lynn i S. Krippner, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, s. 315-52.
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O źródłach i meta-zasadach wnioskowań przyczynowych. Analiza przypadku T. Haavelmo
No full textRecent advancements in methodology of social sciences focus on elaboration of formal tools representing causal dependencies (Kawalec 2006) collectively referred to hereafter as “causal calculus” (Pearl 2014 pp. 161–162). In his recent paper Judea Pearl elaborates on the historical role of Trygve Haavelmo in initiating the development of causal calculus as the scholar who was “the first to recognize the capacity of economic models to guide policies” (Pearl 2014 p. 152). The present paper attempts to extend Pearl’s observation by discussing a historical hypothesis concerning likely inspirations of Haavelmo’s original idea. It opens with a prima
facie plausible observation that because of apparent similarities between the relevant features of Haavelmo’s and George Katona’s inferential procedures, both contemporaneous members of the Cowles Commission, the historical development of causal calculus was largely influenced by Katona’s research design intended to capture effects of interventions. The reasons are discussed in the paper to the effect that the hypothesis on direct influence may be found wanting and more plausible seems a modifi ed hypothesis to the effect that several of the critical features of Haavelmo’s innovative approach are indirectly (via Kurt Wicksell) inherited from Eugen Böhm von Bawerk (Böhm-Bawerk hereafter). The similarities between Katona and Haavelmo, however, are – after all – not accidental as they stem from the mediating role of Christian von Ehrenfels, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, and his mutual inspirations with Böhm-Bawerk. Nevertheless, while, on a closer inspection the improved version of the hypothesis is rejected, a more likely historical origin of the idea of autonomy and the structural aspect is pinned down in Ragnar Frisch’s paper.Najnowsze osiągnięcia w metodologii nauk społecznych koncentrują się na opracowaniu formalnych metod reprezentacji zależności przyczynowych (Kawalec 2006), określanych tu zbiorczo jako „rachunek przyczynowy” (Pearl 2014, 161–162). W swojej niedawno opublikowanej pracy Judea Pearl odnosi się do historycznej roli, jaką odegrał Trygve Haavelmo w zainicjowaniu rozwoju rachunku przyczynowego, uznając go za badacza, który „jako pierwszy dostrzegł potencjał modeli ekonomicznych w kierowaniu politykami” (Pearl,
2014, 152). Niniejszy artykuł zmierza do rozwinięcia obserwacji Pearla, odnosząc się do hipotezy historycznej, poświęconej prawdopodobnej inspiracji, którą kierował się Haavelmo w swoich dokonaniach. Rozpoczyna od sformułowania prima facie prawdopodobnej obserwacji, że – z uwagi na zauważalne podobieństwa między istotnymi własnościami procedur inferencyjnych, jakie stosował Haavelmo i George Katona, będących jednocześnie członkami Komisji Cowlesa – historyczny rozwój rachunku przyczynowego w dużej mierze dokonał się pod wpływem planu badań, jaki zainicjował Katona w badaniach efektów interwencji publicznych. Dalej, sformułowane zostały racje, dla których hipoteza o bezpośrednim oddziaływaniu prac Katona może być uznana za wątpliwą i że bardziej wiarygodna może wydawać się zmodyfi kowana postać hipotezy, zgodnie z którą szereg istotnych własności innowacyjnego podejścia Haavelmo jest pośrednio (via Kurt Wicksell) pochodną odziedziczoną od Eugena Böhma von Bawerka. Te podobieństwa między pracami Katona a Haavelmo być może nie są przypadkowe, gdyż pośredniczącą rolę mógł tu odegrać Christian von Ehrenfels, jeden z fundatorów psychologii postaci, oraz jego wzajemne oddziaływanie z myślą Bö hm-Bawerka. Jednak zmodyfikowana hipoteza zostaje zakwestionowana wobec faktu przywołania istotnych faktów, dotyczących bezpośredniego wpływu na Haavelmo ideę autonomii i strukturalnej niezmienniczości, jaką są prace Ragnara Frischa
Dynamics of laser-induced Cesium atom desorption from porous glass
No full textThe dynamics of short pulsed infrared laser-induced desorption of Cesium atoms from porous silica samples has been investigated. We find most probable kinetic energies of 69 ± 6 meV for desorption laser fluences between 60 and 190 mJ/cm2, significantly higher compared to those obtained for Cs desorption from plain glass, 40 ± 2 meV, but lower compared to those observed for Na and Rb desorption from polymeric surfaces, 200 meV. This is explained qualitatively by scattering of the desorbing atoms with the silica nanochannels, thus suggesting different pulsed laser photodesorption processes for atoms embedded in hard porous dielectrics as compared to polymeric thin films. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
No full textIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pelevin’s Trinity in the novel “t”: author – protagonist – reader
No full textThe article attempts to interpret Pelevin's artistic strategy in the novel "T" by exploring its subject organization and addressing the key problems of the author, the protagonist, and the reader as they are seen by the researcher. The article analyzes the peculiarities of constructing the narrative reality in the novel "T", and goes on to discuss Pelevin's philosophic models of the development of the humankind, and the emergence of his new anthropology
Measuring industry-science links through inventor-author relations: A profiling method
No full textIn this pilot study we examine the performance of text-based profiling in recovering a set of validated inventor-author links. In a first step we match patents and publications solely based on their similarity in content. Next, we compare inventor and author names on the highest ranked matches for the occurrence of name matches. Finally, we compare these candidate matches with the names listed in a validated set of inventor-author names. Our text-based profile methodology performs significantly better than a random matching of patents and publications, suggesting that text-based profiling is a valuable complementary tool to the name searches used in previous studies.innovation; industry-science links; text-based profiling;
Wave turbulence of a rotating array of quantized vortices in the T → 0 temperature limit
No full textThe dynamics of quantized vortices in the zero temperature limit is currently of great interest, particularly in the case of the Fermi superfluid He-B. Here we study wave turbulence, generated by the librating motion of a rotating cylindrical container filled with He-B, in the limit of vanishing viscous forces at temperatures . The polarization of the quantized vortices with respect to the axis of rotation is measured using non-invasive NMR techniques. We observe a decrease of the polarization when the librating motion is started, and a two-stage relaxation process when the modulation of the rotation velocity is stopped. The first relaxation process is associated with the dissipation of large-scale flow stored in inertial waves and the solid body rotation of the vortex array. From the decay of these energy reservoirs we determine the rate of energy dissipation of large-scale flow. The later second process is related to the relaxation of Kelvin waves on individual vortices. This process is monitored by the recovery of the polarization. The existence of a Kelvin wave cascade at the lowest temperatures is currently a central open question. We supply some evidence for the cascade
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