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The hague conferences in the context of the formation of laws of war in the Ottoman Empire and the practices in the first world war
No full textC1 [Karabulut, Umut] Pamukkale Univ, Fen Edebiyat Fak, Tarih Bol, Denizli, Turkey.[Bozkurt, Ersin] Pamukkale Univ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu, Tarih Doktora Program, Denizli, Turkey.The process of establishing international law in international relations had gained momentum in the 19th and 20th centuries. The 1864 Geneva Convention, the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are important documents within international law, especially in terms of "the laws of war". The Ottoman Empire was attentive to comply with such treaties to which the empire was included since the mid-19th century. As a result of this, the empire implemented a "hostile state policy" against the missions and the citizens of the states that the empire was in war. The implementation of such practices in the Ottoman Empire within the war put on the record as a development that had been seen since the Turco-Italian and Balkan Wars
Yeni devlet ideolojisinin toplumsal yansımaları : Cumhuriyet dönemi kurumları ve sembolleri (1923-1938)
No full textMillî Mücadele sonrası Türk ulusu, yeni devlet kurma azmi ve kararlılığını göstermiştir. Yeni devlet, Türk ulusal kimliği etrafında şekillenen yapısıyla ulus devlet modelini benimsemiştir. Yeni devlet ideolojisinin şekillenmesinde Atatürk’ün düşünce yapısı, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, 1921-1924 Anayasaları ile Türk Tarih Tezi ve Güneş Dil Teorisi etkili olmuştur. Yeni devlet anlayışı modern bir toplum yaratmayı amaçlamıştır. Yeni devlet ideolojisinin tezahürü olan Cumhuriyet dönemi kurumları, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel alanda değişimin katalizörü olmuştur. Yeni devlet ideolojisinin idealize edildiği yapılar olan Cumhuriyet dönemi kurumları, ekonomik açıdan; topluma önderlik vazifesi içinde geri kalmışlığa çözüm üreten, ülke ekonomisinin kalkınmasına ve büyümesine yönelik yatırımlar yaparak yurttaşların refah seviyesini arttıran boyutuyla devlet imajının sembolize edildiği kurumlar haline gelmiştir. Toplumsal açıdan; yurttaşlarını eğiten, bağnazlığı ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan, ideal yurttaşı yetiştiren, ulusal kimliği pekiştiren, modern kentler yaratan, toplumsal bütünleşmeyi amaçlayan yönleriyle toplumsal hafızanın değişmesine yol açan sembolleşmiş kurumlar haline gelmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu tez, günümüzde Cumhuriyet ile özdeşleşmiş ve sembolleşmiş kurumların toplumsal yansımasını ortaya koymaktadır.After the National Struggle, the Turkish nation showed the persevreance and determination to establish a new state. The new state has adopted the nation-state model with its sructure shaped around the Turkish national identity. In terms of sahping the new state ideology, Atatürk’s ideas, the Republican People Party, the 1921-1924 Constitutions with the Turkish History Thesis and Sun Language Theory were influented. The new understanding of the state aimed to create a modern society. The institutions of the Republican period, whiich are the manifestion of the new state ideology, have been the catalyst of change in the economic, social and cultural fields. The institutions of the Republican period, which are the structures in which the new state ideology is idealized are economically; it has become an institution that symbolizes the image of the state with its dimension that produces solutions to back wardness, increases the welfare level of citizens by investing in the development and growth of the country’s econonmy, in the rule of leading the society. In terms of socially; it has become symbolic institutions that lead to the change of social memory with its aspects where citizens are educated, aimed at eliminating bigotry, raising ideal citizens, reinfocing national identity, creating modern cities and aiming at social integration. As a result of this thesis reveals the social reflection of the institutions that are identified and symbolized with the Republic today
İlm-i ruh'tan modern psikolojiye: İmparatorluktan Cumhuriyete psikolojik bilginin serencamı (1908-1937)
No full textThe discipline of psychology and psychological knowledge fundamentally transformed definitions and perceptions of human knowledge in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The interest in comprehending the individual and social nature of human beings can be perceived as a phenomenon of modern times. Nevertheless, the shades of gray and the non-linear process of the development of knowledge can also be observed in the evolution of psychological knowledge. As a matter of fact, this process involves accumulation and encompasses both continuities and ruptures in the developmental stages of psychological knowledge.
In this respect, the influence of various sources and determinants on the historicization of psychological knowledge's development should not be underestimated. This kind of historiography transcends the limits of teleological substitution, where rational and experimental psychology replaces human knowledge derived from religious, traditional and metaphysical sources of thought, proving that this focus is effective in defining shades of gray, continuities and ruptures. In this framework, linking the process of scientific knowledge development with historical facts and examining the political, social, and particularly mental influences on scientific progress will unveil an effective historiography.
Considering the historical process of the development of psychological science and psychological knowledge in Turkey, both in the late empire and in the early republican period, Turkey offers suitable and unique conditions for the historiography mentioned above.
The first theme of this historiography is that psychological descriptions of the human being and their psyche consider theological, metaphysical, and traditional elements of thought as significant sources of knowledge. The translation activities, which changed and became widespread depending on the development process of modern psychological knowledge in Europe, prepared a suitable environment for the reproduction of psychological knowledge in a philosophical structure. In addition to this, the combination of these two phenomena has characterized the general theme of this historiography.
The second main theme in this study and historicization is that the aforementioned dualistic line of development has acquired epistemological qualities within various political and social contexts. This framework attempts to
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contextualize the identified phenomena within the influences of various historical events and conditions. It seeks to map the developmental areas and sources of psychological knowledge in a temalarla kapsamında, creating a holistic and comprehensive framework. The study focuses on crucial historical events such as the Second Constitutional Era, the First World War, the War of Independence, and the social and cultural challenges during the Early Republican Era. It examines the relationship between these events and psychological knowledge, with a specific emphasis on scientific changes and developments.Psikoloji bilimi ve psikolojik bilgi, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında ve 20. yüzyılda insan bilgisine dair olan tanımlamaları ve algılamaları başlı başlına değişime uğratmıştır. İnsanın bireysel ve toplumsal doğasının anlaşılmasına olan ilgi modern zamanların bir olgusu olarak algılanabilir ancak bilginin gelişiminde var olan gri tonlar ve çizgisel olmayan süreç, psikolojik bilginin gelişim sürecinde de gözlemlenmektedir. Nitekim bu bir birikim sürecidir ve psikolojik bilginin gelişim aşamalarında süreklilikleri ve kopuşları da süreç olarak içerisinde barındırmaktadır.
Bu bakımdan, psikolojik bilginin gelişiminin tarihselleştirilmesinde çeşitli kaynakların ve belirleyenlerin etkisi yadsınmamalıdır. Böylesi bir tarih yazımı ayrıca dini, geleneksel ve metafizik bilgi kaynaklarından beslenen insan bilgisinin yerine rasyonel ve ampirik olarak nitelenen deneysel/uygulamalı psikolojinin teleolojik bir şekilde ikame edilmesi olarak sınırlanan kalıplaşmış ve ana akım haline gelmiş alanın dışına çıkarak söz konusu gri tonların tespit edilmesine yarar sağladığı gibi süreklilik ve kopuşların belirlenmesinde de fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, bilimsel bilginin gelişim sürecini tarihsel olgular ile ilişkilendirmek bunun yanında da bilimsel gelişimde politik, toplumsal ve özellikle de zihniyet etkilerini incelemek etkili bir tarih yazımını ortaya koyacaktır.
Türkiye, psikoloji biliminin ve psikolojik bilginin gelişmesinde gerek imparatorluğun son dönemlerinde gerekse de cumhuriyetin erken dönemlerinde geçirdiği tarihsel süreç göz önüne alındığında yukarıda sözü edilen tarih yazımı için uygun ve özgün koşulları sunmaktadır.
Bu tarih yazımının ilk teması, insana ve ruhuna yapılan psikolojik tanımlamaların teolojik, metafizik ve geleneksel düşünce ögelerini bir bilgi kaynağı olarak ele almasıdır. Avrupa’da modern psikoloji bilgisinin gelişim sürecine bağlı olarak değişen ve yaygınlaşan tercüme faaliyetleri felsefi bir yapıda psikoloji bilgisinin tekrardan üretilmesine uygun bir ortam hazırlamıştır. Bu duruma ek olarak da bu iki olgunun bir aradalığı ise bu tarih yazımının genel temasını karakterize etmiştir.
Bu çalışmadaki ikinci ana tema ise yukarıda düalist bir biçimde şekillenen gelişim çizgisinin farklı siyasi ve sosyal işlevler çerçevesinde epistemolojik nitelikler kazandığını ihtiva etmektedir. Bu çerçeve, çeşitli tarihsel olayların ve koşulların sonuçlarının etkileri dahilinde belirlenen olguları, yine bu etkiler dahilinde
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psikolojik bilginin tespit edilen gelişim sahaları ve kaynakları bütünsel bir çerçevede zamansal akışa yerleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İkinci Meşrutiyet Devri’nin toplumsal, siyasi ve entelektüel dünyası, Büyük Savaş, Savaş Sonrası ve Mütareke Dönemi, Bağımsızlık Savaşı ve son olarak da Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nin toplumsal ve kültürel sorunları bu çalışmada tarihsel dönemde ortaya çıkan önemli başlıklardır ve psikolojik bilgi ile ilişkisi incelenerek bilimsel değişim ve gelişim konu edinilmiştir
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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