158 research outputs found
Grassy shoot: The destructive disease of sugarcane
No full textSugarcane is one of the important commercial cash crops grown widely for sugar production. Red rot, smut, wilt, grassy shoot and yellow leaf are the major diseases of sugarcane worldwide; however the sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) is considered the most destructive one due to the associated total loss of millable canes production. Although the crop is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions across the globe, widespread occurrence of the disease is mostly reported only from South and South East Asian countries. The disease was first reported in India in 1949. Based on its symptomatology, it is known as grassy shoot in India, Pakistan, and white leaf in Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, China and known by both names in Sri Lanka. The past seven decades witnessed several research advancements in symptomatology recognition, diagnosis and management of this disease. The nested PCR based diagnostic approach initiatives taken during 1990s followed by the in silico virtual RFLP analyses development in the period of 2007-2009 revolutionized the molecular characterization of the pathogen based on the variability analyses which resulted in the description of reports of many phytoplasma strains infecting sugarcane. Several phloem sap feeding leafhoppers such as Deltocephalus vulgaris, Cofana unimaculata, Exitianus indicus and Maiestas portica in India, Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus and Yamatotettix flavovittatus in Thailand and D. menon in Sri Lanka were reported as insect vectors during the last ten years. The recent use of next generation sequencing technologies helped to sequence whole genome of the SCGS phytoplasma. Currently, heat therapy and pathogen elimination through meristem tissue culture based seedling production are the only available management techniques to prevent the disease spread into new areas. Despite the fast pace of research in pathogen detection and genomics, the research on disease management under field conditions still remain grey and pose challenges to sugarcane pathologists
Ethanol and diethyl ether catalytic conversion over commercial alumina and lanthanum-doped alumina: Reaction paths, catalyst structure and coking
No full textCommercial high-pore-volume alumina and La-doped aluminas have been characterized and tested as catalysts for ethanol conversion to ethylene and diethyl ether and for diethyl ether cracking. In order to go deeper on reaction paths and mechanisms, steady state, TPSR and static experiments in an IR cell were performed. It is established that ethylene forms from ethanol by two parallel ways: i) cracking of ethoxy groups that occurs already at low temperature, and ii) the parallel synthesis and cracking of DEE at intermediate temperatures. Coordination of diethyl ether on Lewis sites represents the first step in its decomposition path. Lewis bonded DEE first cracks to ethoxy species and ethylene gas, while ethoxy species in part crack to a second step to another ethylene gas molecule and in part (only at low temperature) can desorb as gaseous ethanol. Commercial low loading lanthanum-doped alumina contain dispersed La3+-O2−species mainly interacting with the most reactive defect, edge and corner sites of alumina nanocrystals. At higher loading (4 wt% La2O3) very small LaxOyclusters also appear. Lanthanum doping slightly reduces the number of active sites for ethanol dehydration as well as for DEE cracking, thus reducing catalytic activity, but does not modify significantly selectivities and ethylene yields at high temperature. However, it also considerably reduces the amount of carbonaceous residues formed upon both reactions over the catalyst. Thus, La-doping is proposed as a way to improve the alumina catalyst stability in the process. Catalytic cracking of DEE at 673 K does not represent a good way to remove odorous and dense DEE vapours from air, due to the coproduction of small amounts of acetaldehyde together with ethylene
ANALISIS CLUSTERING PENYEBARAN HIV DI KARAWANG BERDASARKAN KECAMATAN DENGAN ALGORITMA K-MEANS
No full textPergaulan bebas semakin marak seiring perkembangan zaman. Perilaku ini melibatkan hubungan seksual yang berdampak negatif pada individu dan masyarakat. Contohnya, peningkatan kasus penyakit menular seksual seperti HIV yang membahayakan kesehatan. HIV, singkatan dari Human Immunodeficiency Virus, melemahkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui klaster kecamatan dengan penyebaran HIV tertinggi di Kabupaten Karawang menggunakan algoritma K-Means dan metodologi KDD. Dengan bantuan dari tools Jupyter Notebook maka hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terbentuk nya k=3, yaitu k=0 rawan, k=1 tidak rawan, dan k=2 sangat rawan, yang akan diolah dengan Algoritma K-Means. Hasil dari penerapan algoritma K-Means adalah dari Dari 77 puskesmas dan rumah sakit, 42 berada di klaster 0, 24 di klaster 1, dan 11 di klaster 2. Hasil dari clustering dievaluasi dengan Silhoutte Ceeficient dan menghasilkan nilai sebesar 0.634 hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa klaster berstruktur baik. Setelah selesai melakukan evaluasi, hasil tersebut akan dilakukan visualisasi pemetaan menggunakan tools Qgis
Ternary liquid-liquid equilibria of Eugenol + Isobutanol + H2O and β-Caryophyllene + Isobutanol + H2O systems at temperatures 303.15 and 323.15 K
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No full textNot AvailableFor the first time we determined complete nucleotide sequence of SCMV-IND from infecting popular variety CoC 671 from India. From the same variety complete genome sequence of SCSMV has already been reported by Parameswari et al. (2013) which is also the first study in India. Nine overlapping primer pairs were designed from the reference sequences collected from the genbank covering the whole genome of SCMV. cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA extracted from the variety CoC 671 and PCR conditions were optimized for each primer sets. The products were purified using GenElute Gel Extraction kit and the resulting fragments were cloned into the pTZ57R/T vector After the recombinant DNA was introduced into E. coli DH5α by transformation, positive clones were identified by colony PCR and two clones from each of the nine amplified fragments were sequenced in both directions to eliminate potential sequence heterogeneity introduced by Taq DNA polymerase. The nt and amino acid sequences of other known SCMV isolates were retrieved from the GenBank and used for comparison The overlapping sequences of the nine fragments were assembled using the BioEdit software.The linearly assembled single strand positive sense RNA genome of SCMV-IND was about 9573 nucleotides in length excluding the poly (A) tail. The genome encodes a polyprotein of about 3064 amino acid residues which is processed to form ten mature proteins (P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb, and CP). Based on this whole genome study, the Indian isolate showed close identity to the Australian isolate Brisbane of about 98.2% and 94.9% at the protein and nucleotide level, respectively. The Indian isolate shares the least identity with the American isolate Ohio of about 88.2% and 78.9% at the protein and nucleotide sequences respectively. This study supports the work done by Viswanathan et al. (2009) on SCMV coat protein gene analysis and its genetic variability where the Indian isolates shared a very close similarity with the Australian isolate sharing 99% nucleotide identity unlike other country isolates. Further, phylogenetic tree drawn using the software Bioedit through Neighbor joining method with 1000 bootstrap replications clearly depicted its close similarity with Australian and American isolate sharing a common progenitor whereas the other country isolates diverged to a different cluster. Within the monocot specific potyvirus, the Indian SCMV isolate shares close identity with Sorghum mosaic virus with 69.1% identity followed by Maize dwarf virus with 67.9% identity at the nucleotide level. Further study on recombination event among the SCMV complete genome sequences is in progress which will provide a good insight on SCMV evolutionary biology.Not Availabl
Anti-toddy movement in Malaya, 1900-1957
No full textToddy drink is a newly acquired habit to many of the Indian
labourers in Malaya. The temptation provided in estates at their
very doors is the real reason for this. Many estates have as many
toddy shops as there are Divisions on them. Toddy has become
a daily routine with the Indian labourers. The affordability and
availability of todd y in the estates led to unrestricted consumption
of toddy among the estate Indians. Realising the ever-worsening
condition of the Indian community was due to excessive toddy
intake, various groups began to challenge the toddy habit. They
called for the closing of all toddy shops in Malaya. Realising this
situation, this study focuses a heated debate between two sides,
between those who called for the retaining of toddy shops, and
those who advocated the closing down of toddy shops. This
study is carried out using primary sources not used by previous
researchers
Momentum Ranking Function of Z-Numbers and its Application to Game Theory
No full textبعد أن قدم زاده مفهوم ارقام - z أبدى العلماء في مختلف المجالات اهتماما كبيرا بتطبيق هذا المفهوم على مختلف التطبيقات. في تطبيقات أرقام - z ، لمقارنة رقمين z ، يعد إجراء الترتيب ضروريا. في حين تم بالفعل اقتراح عدد قليل من وظائف الترتيب في الأدبيات ، هناك حاجة لتطوير بعض وظائف الترتيب الجيدة. في هذه الورقة ، تم اقتراح دالة ترتيب جديدة لأرقام - z "وظيفة ترتيب الزخم" (MRF). أيضا ، تم النظر في المشكلات النظرية للعبة حيث تكون عناصر مصفوفة العائد هي أرقام - z وتم توضيح تطبيق وظيفة ترتيب الزخم في مثل هذه المشكلات.After Zadeh introduced the concept of z-number scientists in various fields have shown keen interest in applying this concept in various applications. In applications of z-numbers, to compare two z-numbers, a ranking procedure is essential. While a few ranking functions have been already proposed in the literature there is a need to evolve some more good ranking functions. In this paper, a novel ranking function for z-numbers is proposed- "the Momentum Ranking Function"(MRF). Also, game theoretic problems where the payoff matrix elements are z-numbers are considered and the application of the momentum ranking function in such problems is demonstrated
Assessment of groundwater potential in Tirukalukundram block of southern Chennai Metropolitan Area
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